Persuasive Speech Eating Healthy with a College Lifestyle Essay

Specific Purpose: To inform the audience how to make nutritious eating choices when you’re strapped for time and on the move. Central Idea: Packing a lunch, choosing a restaurant and meal wisely, and keeping nutritious snacks available can all provide for nutritious eating habits even with an on the-go college lifestyle. Introduction: I. The average college student is often pressed for time. A. As a student are you typically under a lot of stress? B. Do you often find yourself eating on the go? II. I myself am a college student and find it difficult to avoid bad habits like skipping meals or frequently visiting fast food restaurants. III. But eating a healthy diet can help you feel better, cope with stress, and perform better in the classroom and on the athletic field. It really isn’t that hard to get started. IV. Packing a lunch, choosing a restaurant and meal wisely, and keeping nutritious snacks available can all provide for nutritious eating habits even with an on-the-go college lifestyle. (Transition: Let’s start by looking at packing your own lunch.) Body: I. Packing or preparing a lunch can really be a great way to start eating healthier. A. You have healthier options to choose from than you would eating out. B. As explained in the article â€Å"Coffee, Lunch Spending Tops Tax Refunds† packing a lunch is usually less expensive than eating out. The average spent on lunch alone is $37 a week, or $2,000 a year. C. Many convenient options available so you don’t have to have a peanut butter and jelly sandwich everyday. 1. If you love sandwiches, use a variety of whole-grain breads, pitas, and wraps. 2. Extra food from dinner make great leftovers to bring for lunch, expert Connie Diekman, RD, president of the American Dietetic Association suggests â€Å"Leftovers are the perfect food to pack and take for lunch because you can control the portions and calories in the meal to ensure it will be nutritious, filling and delicious.† 3. Produce that can be cut, bagged and stored until lunch time: carrots, celery, cucumber, cherry tomatoes, sweet red pepper, sugar snap peas, apples, blueberries, grapes and melon. D. Bagged lunches can be  prepared the night before and can be made in a few minutes. for convenience so it is easy to eat healthy. (Transition: Going out for lunch is a common way to meet up with friends.) II. Making healthful and delicious choices in restaurants is also easier today. A. Restaurants are incorporating healthier choices into their menus with more options in portion sizes, preparation methods and menu items. 1. Choose a small or medium portion. This includes main dishes, side dishes, and beverages. 2. Order steamed, grilled, or broiled dishes instead of those that are fried or sautà ©ed. 3. Ask for whole-wheat bread for sandwiches. 4. As a beverage choice, ask for water instead of soda. One 20-ounce can of soda has approximately 22 packets of sugar. (â€Å"How Much Sugar Is In One Can Of Soda†) B. You can easily choose healthier items on the menu. 1. Ask them to hold the mayo and other fattening sauces. A tablespoon of regular mayonnaise has almost 100 calories! 2. Many fast-food chains now offer healthy sides in place of French fries. Take the healthy option. Even though they are made from potatoes, which are technically a vegetable, these are the biggest offenders. They are deep fried to the point of removing all nutritional value. In the opinion of physician Dr. Mercola French fries are one of the top 5 absolute worst foods you can’t eat. C. More and more restaurants are appealing to the demand for healthier menus. 1. Subway and other deli-style fast-food chains where you can order a sub or sandwich on whole wheat bread or a wrap, a lower-fat and lower-calorie option than fried food. 2. Between the breakfast and lunch menus, there’s only one entrà ©e at Chick-Fil-A that breaks 500 calories, and that’s the 530-calorie Sausage Biscuit. Chick-Fil-A received the highest rating fast-food restaurant in the â€Å"Eat This Not That! Restaurant Survival Guide,† by David Zinczenko. (Transition: Now that we have looked at bagged lunches and eating-out, let’s turn to snacking healthy.) III. Keeping healthy snacks easily accessible keeps hunger away. A. Make  it a habit to eat a piece of fruit, a bowl of cereal, or some low-fat yogurt before you set out to run errands. Regular eating can help you feel full and avoid temptation B. Blend a fruit smoothie or drink to take with you on your commute. C. Stock your car with bottled water and healthy snacks. Have a small snack before the cravings hit and you’re less likely to pull into that drive-through fast-food outlet. Conclusion: I. As we have seen, there are several options for eating healthy on the go. II. I have focused on packing a lunch, choosing a restaurant and meal wisely, and nutritious snacks. III. Healthy eating habits living a busy college lifestyle is possible with these points in mind. Bibliography: David, Zinczenko. Eat This Not That! Restaurant Survival Guide. Emmaus, PA: Rodale, 2010. Print. Kim, Susanna. â€Å"Coffee, Lunch Spending Tops Tax Refunds.† ABC News. ABC News Network, 23 Jan. 2012. Web. 07 Jan. 2013. â€Å"How Much Sugar Is in One Can of Soda?† How Much Sugar Is in One Can of Soda? N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2013. Mercola, Joseph. â€Å"The Five Absolute Worst Foods You Can Eat.† Mercola.com. N.p., 18 Oct. 2003. Web. 07 Jan. 2013 Adams, Mike. â€Å"Five Appetite Control Foods That Suppress Cravings without Adding Calories.† Five Appetite Control Foods That Suppress Cravings without Adding Calories. Natural News Network, 20 Jan. 2005. Web. 07 Jan. 2013.

Efforts To Eradicate Poliomyelitis Health And Social Care Essay

Through the attempts of the planetary run to eliminate infantile paralysis, infantile paralysis instances have declined worldwide, from 35,251 instances in 1988, to 1449 instances as of 28 October 2005, ( CDC ) . However, confirmed instances of wild infantile paralysis virus continue to be reported from Southern portion of Zimbabwe. This proposal aims to supply a wellness publicity instruction to the people of Gwanda, particularly the political and spiritual leaders who encouraged the boycott of immunization. With the encouragement from the leaders the villagers believed that the vaccinum was contaminated by anti-fertility substances, others questioned the focal point on infantile paralysis when rubeolas and malaria were considered more harmful. Some besides distrusted claims about the safety of Western biomedicine. These concerns relate to inquiries about the rightness of perpendicular wellness intercessions, where degrees of everyday immunisation are low. Therefore a community base d wellness publicity program after a wellness appraisal demand is done will be produced. Management of alteration theory by Lewin will be used in educating the leaders on infantile paralysis and the importance of immunization.IntroductionIn 1988, the World Health Assembly voted to implement a run to eliminate infantile paralysis by the terminal of the twelvemonth 2000, following the successful obliteration of variola in 1980 ( Henderson, 1999 ) . However, with 2971 confirmed new infantile paralysis instances worldwide by the terminal of 2000, the deadline was extended to 2004 ( WHO, 2004 ) . Although the figure of infantile paralysis instances has declined well worldwide, from 35,251 instances in 1988 to 1449 instances in 2005 ( 28 October ; WHO, 2005 ) , the end remains elusive. Cases continue to be reported, chiefly in India, Nigeria, Some parts of Zimbabwe, Pakistan, and Afghanistan ( Altman, 2006 ) , although eruptions in Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Chad, Cote d'Ivoi re, Mali, and Sudan in 2004 ( CDC, 2005, p. 874 ) , and in Indonesia and Yemen in 2005 ( McNeil ( 2005a ) and McNeil ( 2005c ) ) , which were once polio free, have besides been reported. This enterprise aims to better the wellness of disadvantaged kids in a province in Zimbabwe, through a wellness publicity programme. The proposal is aiming kids under the age of 5 old ages this will enable unsusceptibility for kids when turning up. The community spiritual and political leaders brought the state to a standstill by boycotting polio immunization among their community, claiming that it was infected with assorted diseases. The wellness publicity intends to accomplish this by affecting different spouses, and basic wellness publicity rules. Health publicity has emerged in the last decennary as an of import force to better both quality and measure of people ‘s lives. Sometimes termed ‘the new public wellness ‘ it seeks to back up and promote a participative societal motion that enables persons and communities to take control over their ain wellness. ( McDowall et al, 2006 ) . The necessity for wellness publicity is preponderantly identified via epidemiology which is by and large perceived as the chief scientific beginning for public wellness issues, ( Van der Maesena et Al, 2000 ) . Recently the significance of traditional epidemiology in this function has been questioned as traditional epidemiological methods may be excessively blunt excessively trade with the complications of today ‘s wellness jobs, ( Lancet and Nuffield ‘s Institute for Health, 2003 ) . Wallerstein, ( 2006 ) , notes that the challenge of modern wellness publicity is to better societal conditions related to wellness and in making so, non stay so reliant on epidemiology to place wellness jobs. Alongside the wellness motion emerged the thought of educating the populace for the good of its wellness ( Tibaijuka, 2005 ) . Therefore, the intent of wellness publicity is to beef up the accomplishments and capablenesss of persons to take action and the capacity of groups or communiti es to move jointly to exercise control over the hurts of wellness and achieve positive wellness. However, one would reason that each individual is accountable to their ain wellness and one can non coerce them to alter their wellness behavior, but to advice Banks ( 2001 ) believes that it is possible to warrant breaches of liberty if the purpose of wellness publicity is to forestall injury to society, and the agencies to accomplish this are ethically and lawfully appropriate. Annas ( 2003 ) argues that justification of disproportionality is possible on the footing that bar is better than remedy, if the remedy is well more expensive or hard, as intervention of homelessness or poorness would be. Clinical medical specialty has long been bound by an established codification of moralss. Possibly public justification would be easier were an in agreement codification of moralss available and used by all involved in wellness publicity, ( Sindall 2002 ) . Consequently the end of wellness publicity is non to coerce a place of perfect wellness on persons but to assist people to be every bit healthy as they desire to be. However it is non easy for wellness publicity due to societal determiners of wellness such as poorness which makes these persons determinations on their wellness behavior hard, hapless lodging conditions. Therefore the demand for shuting the spread of the inequalities in wellness should be addressed in any wellness publicity activity. Due to cultural values and positions on immunization, a challenge to alter will be proposed. Therefore, Kurt Lewin ‘s 1951 Management ‘s of Change Theory will be used in this proposal to alter the political spiritual leaders mind on immunization. Poliomyelitis in kids particularly the under-5 is a major job in this country and the universe at big, there are 3 types of the virus doing polio.Type-2 of the virus has been eliminated. In 2006, Type 1 infantile paralysis virus constituted 847 of the 1129 instance of infantile paralysis recorded in Zimbabwe ( CDC, 2007 ) . All the instances were recorded in the northern portion of the state therefore foregrounding the demand in that country. Gwanda State ranked 1th of the provinces affected with 356 instances. Merely four states ( Afghanistan, India, Nigeria, and Pakistan ) have ne'er experienced break of poliovirus transmittal. Zimbabwe had the largest figure of instances in 2006, accounting for 1,129 ( 56 % ) of the 2,002 instances reported globally. The figure of confirmed infantile paralysis instances in Zimbabwe attributed to both WPV type 1 ( WPV1 ) and type 3 ( WPV3 ) increased from 782 in 2004 to 830 in 2005 and to 1,129 in 2006 ( CDC 2007 ) . In the targeted northern provinces, local authorities countries ( LGAs ) offered other wellness intercessions when kids were brought to inoculation stations. These intercessions included distribution of soap, Datril, unwritten rehydration salts, anti-helminthics, and insecticide-treated bed cyberspaces to promote response to immunisation.The DiseasePoliomyelitis is an infective disease that used to be the most common cause of palsy in immature people. For this ground, it was known as childish palsy. Polio was one time a common cause of deceas e, but widespread inoculation has greatly reduced it. Better hygiene and sanitation have helped, but inoculation is the most of import ground why this disease is now so rare. The words infantile paralysis ( Grey ) and myelon ( marrow, bespeaking the spinal cord ) are derived from the Greek. It is the consequence of infantile paralysis virus on the spinal cord that leads to the authoritative manifestation of palsy. Persons at hazard of polio.mainly affect kids under five old ages of age. ( CDC ) . Poliovirus is a member of the enterovirus subgroup, household Picornaviridae. Enteroviruss are transeunt dwellers of the GI piece of land, and are stable at acerb pH. Picornaviruss are little, ether-insensitive viruses with an RNA genome. There are three poliovirus serotypes. There is minimum heterotypic unsusceptibility between the three serotypes. That is, unsusceptibility to one serotype does non bring forth important unsusceptibility to the other serotypes. The poliovirus is quickly inactivated by heat, methanal, Cl, and ultraviolet visible radiation. Polio is caused by poliovirus type-1, type-2 or type-3. Type-2 poliovirus has been eliminated, ( CDC ) The virus enters through the oral cavity, and primary generation of the virus occurs at the site of nidation in the throat and GI piece of land. The virus is normally present in the pharynx and in the stool before the oncoming of unwellness. One hebdomad after oncoming there is fewer viruses in the pharynx, but virus continues to be excreted in the stool for several hebdomads. The virus invades local lymphoid tissue, enters the blood stream, and so may infect cells of the cardinal nervous system. Reproduction of poliovirus in motor nerve cells of the anterior horn and encephalon root consequences in cell devastation and causes the typical manifestations of infantile paralysis, ( CDC ) . The unwellness progresses to flaccid palsy with lessened deep sinew physiological reactions, reaches a tableland without alteration for yearss to hebdomads, and is normally asymmetrical. Strength so begins to return. Patients do non see centripetal losingss or alterations in knowledge. Many individuals with paralytic infantile paralysis recover wholly and, in most, musculus map returns to some grade. Weakness or palsy still present 12 months after onset is normally permanent.CDC ) . Paralytic infantile paralysis is classified into three types, depending on the degree of engagement. Spinal infantile paralysis is most common, accounting for 79 % of paralytic instances. It is characterized by symmetric palsy that most frequently involves the legs. Bulbar infantile paralysis leads to failing of musculuss innervated by cranial nervousnesss and histories for 2 % of instances. Bulbo-spinal infantile paralysis, a combination of bulbar and spinal palsy, histories for 19 % of instances. The death-to-case ratio for paralytic infantile paralysis is by and large 2 % -5 % among kids and up to 15 % -30 % for grownups ( depending on age ) . It increases to 25 % -75 % with bulbar engagement. Epidemiology At one clip poliovirus infection occurred throughout the universe. Polio obliteration Program conducted by the Pan American Health Organization led to riddance of infantile paralysis in the Western Hemisphere in 1991. The Global Polio Eradication Program has dramatically reduced poliovirus transmittal throughout the universe. In 2005, merely 1,948 confirmed instances of infantile paralysis were reported globally and infantile paralysis was endemic in six states. ( WHO ) . Reservoir Worlds are the lone known reservoir of poliovirus, which, is transmitted most often by individuals with in-apparent infections. There is no symptomless bearer province except in Immune deficient individuals. Transmission Person-to-person spread of poliovirus via the faecal-oral path is the most of import path of transmittal, although the oral-oral path may account for some instances. Temporal Pattern Poliovirus infection typically peaks in the summer months in temperate climes. There is no seasonal form in tropical climes. Communicability Poliovirus is extremely infective, with sero-conversion rates among susceptible family contacts of kids about 100 % , and greater than 90 % among susceptible family contacts of grownups. Persons infected with poliovirus are most infective from 7 to 10 yearss before and after the oncoming of symptoms, but poliovirus may be present in the stool from 3 to 6 hebdomads. Prevention of infantile paralysis There is no remedy for infantile paralysis, it can merely be prevented. Polio vaccinum, given multiple times, can protect a kid for life. Polio is prevented by the DTaP/IPV/Hib ( five-in-one ) vaccinum, which is given during childhood. It provides unsusceptibility to polio, every bit good as diphtheria, lockjaw, whooping cough and Hib. The vaccinum was introduced in the UK in 2004, and has been used in Canada since 1997. Before the five-in-one vaccinum, kids were immunised against infantile paralysis with an unwritten ( taken by oral cavity ) vaccinum called Sabin. Although this is still available, the five-in-one vaccinum provides a similar or better degree of protection, and is the preferable signifier of immunization. Both types of vaccinum work by let go ofing really little sums ( strains ) of the virus into the organic structure. These strains are excessively weak to bring forth disease, and are easy fought off by the organic structure ‘s immune system. If you come into co ntact with the virus once more, your organic structure knows how to do antibodies to contend it off, ( WHO ) . Post-polio Syndrome After an interval of 30-40 old ages, 25 % -40 % of individuals who contracted paralytic infantile paralysis in childhood experience new musculus hurting and aggravation of bing failing, or develop new failing or palsy. This disease entity is referred to as postpolio syndrome. Factors that increase the hazard of post-polio syndrome include increasing length of clip since ague poliovirus infection, presence of lasting residuary damage after recovery from the ague unwellness, and female sex. The pathogenesis of post-polio syndrome is thought to affect the failure of outsize motor units created during the recovery procedure of paralytic infantile paralysis. Post-polio syndrome is non an infective procedure, and individuals sing the syndrome do non shed poliovirus ( CDC ) .Health Needs Assessment.Health demands appraisal is a new phrase to depict the development and polish of good established attacks to understanding the demands of a local population. Health needs appraisal may be defined as the systematic method of placing unmet wellness and health care demands of a population, and doing alterations to run into those unmet demands ( Wright, Williams and Wilkinson, 2008 ) . Another manner of specifying wellness demands appraisal is as a procedure of mensurating ill-health in a population. Under this definition wellness demands are viewed as wellness losingss, and wellness demands assessment involves the building of a wellness profile ( or instead an unwellness profile ) which in bend, relies on steps of incidence, prevalence and grade of badness of assorted wellness jobs in a population. The greater the sum of ill-health the greater is need ( Pickin and St Leger, 2004 ) . All wellness demands assessment concerns three cardinal elements: wellness jobs ( necessitate ) resources and results ( wellness addition ) ( Robinson and Elkan, 2006 ) . Needs in wellness attention is normally defined as the capacity to profit. If wellness demands are to be identified so there should be an effectual intercession available to run into these demands and better wellness. Bradshaw ( 1972 ) classified needs into ; -Felt need ; equated to desire. An person ‘s perceptual experience of fluctuation from normal wellness. -Expressed demand ; felt demand turned to action. Persons seek aid to get the better of fluctuation from normal wellness. -Normative demand ; a professional defines intercession appropriate for the uttered demand. -Comparative demand ; comparing between demands for badness, size, scope of intercessions and cost. It is about equity. Health needs incorporates the wider societal and environmental determiners of wellness, such as want, lodging, diet, instruction, employment. This wider definition allows us to look beyond the confines of the medical theoretical account based on wellness services, to the wider influences on wellness. Health demands of a population will be invariably altering, and many will non be so conformable to medical intercession ( Wright, 2008 ) . It is necessary to set about a Health Need Assessment ( HNA ) to supply grounds about a population on which to be after service and address wellness inequalities, to supply an chance to prosecute with specific populations and enable them to lend to targeted service planning and resource allotment and eventually to supply an chance for cross-sectoral partnership working and developing originative and effectual intercessions. Therefore before any programs for the wellness publicity can be done, a demand of wellness demands appraisal in the province of G wanda is of importance. Undertaking HNA can give some benefits such as strengthen the community engagement in determination devising, bettering squad and partnership working, professional development of accomplishments and experience and better usage of resources ( Cavanagh and Chadwick,2005 ) .2.1 Target Population Needs AssessmentThe country described in the appendix A ( State of Gwanda ) , the chief job is the scourge/effect of infantile paralysis on kids ( particularly the under-5years old ) . This is most distressing because there is proviso for immunisation. When this country is compared with the southern portion of the state, it can be seen that there is a really low prevalence rate of infantile paralysis in the South. Besides from the appendix, it can be seen that this country had the highest figure of polio instances in 2006 and the 2nd highest in 2005 of all the 44 local authorities countries ( LGAs ) in the province. The demands in this country can loosely be grouped into societal demands and wellness demands. Health demands will include the undermentioned ; a- Need for wellness instruction ; In northern Zimbabwe in 2003, the political and spiritual leaders of Gwanda State brought the immunisation run to a arrest by naming on parents non to let their kids to be immunized. These leaders argued that the vaccinums could be contaminated with anti-fertility agents ( estradiol endocrine ) , Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( HIV ) , and cancerous agents. Another of import factor that played a function in the infantile paralysis vaccinum boycott was the general misgiving of aggressive, aggregate immunisation plans in a state where entree to basic wellness attention is non easy available. The aggressive door-to-door mass immunisations that have slashed polio infections around the universe besides raised intuitions. From a Illiterate Zimbabwean ‘s position, to be offered free medical specialty is about every bit unusual as a alien ‘s traveling door to door in America and passing over $ 100 measures. It does non do any sense in a state where people struggle to obtain the mo st basic medical specialties and intervention at local clinics ( Jegede, 2007 ) . This boycott was caused by the spiritual and tribal leaders of the people who were non adequately educated on the polio issue. Because of the strong influence of these leaders on their topics and the low instruction degree, the impact had an overpowering consequence on the state and the universe as a whole. Therefore, public consciousness runs about inoculation are important. These should emphasize the value of immunisation and affect the media. Immunization messages can be packaged into vocals by local instrumentalists and can be communicated through play in the linguistic communication that local people understand ( Jegede, 2007 ) . b- Need for rehabilitation ; Paralysis is a subsequence of infantile paralysis ( appendix A ) . There is presently no plan on land to rehabilitate those crippled by the disease. This is an country that needs turn toing, to give the disabled a feeling of belonging and better their quality of life. c- Need for surveillance ; The Numberss quoted in the statistics may really be a tip of the iceberg as many more kids may hold been affected. A good surveillance squad should be on land to better the outreach during inoculation yearss. Door-to-door runs may be pursued more sharply. d- Need for policy devising ; In this society where spiritual, traditional and political leaders influence national and planetary issues, a national policy on immunisation against childhood diseases should be in topographic point. All kids delivered in wellness institutes should be made to have all the necessary vaccinums after proper wellness instruction is given to the parents. e- Need for farther research ; Even many old ages after the boycott, infantile paralysis eruptions remain a regular happening in Zimbabwe, and these demo some signifier of opposition to vaccinums. While three or four doses of infantile paralysis vaccinum administered to a immature baby are plenty to supply protection in most parts of the universe, in Zimbabwe, with so much infantile paralysis virus circulating, kids under five old ages must be immunized up to eight or more times ( Odutola,2004 ) . This creates the demand for more research into better vaccinums and manners of vaccine disposal. Social needs- It is a good established research happening that people who are socio-economically disadvantaged suffer a heavier load of unwellness and have higher mortality rates than their better-off opposite numbers ( Robinson and Elkan, 2006 ) . a- Need for better lodging ; Sing the manner of spread of the disease ( Appendix A ) proper waste disposal should be ensured by doing certain the houses have good and proper lavatory system. b- Need for H2O ; Provision of good and wholesome imbibing H2O will cut down the spread of the disease. The H2O beginnings for most portion of the community include Wellss and reservoirs which may be easy contaminated by fecal matters. Harmonizing to UNICEF in 2004 merely 67 % and 31 % of the population usage improved drinking H2O beginnings for urban and rural countries severally ( Appendix ) . c- Need for sanitation ; This can non be overemphasized. This will be aimed at cut downing or extinguishing the spread of the disease. 53 % of urban and 36 % of rural inhabitants used equal sanitation installations ( Appendix )Collaborative WorkingUsing collaborative working attack in the alteration procedure purposes to animate a shared vision to assist leaders understand the benefits and importance of immunization, including instruction and wellness publicity. The leaders will the first people that are targeted to educate as they have a strong influence to the villagers and where the 1s who initiated the boycott. Then parents and the remainder of the villagers after a complete trust has been gained from the leaders. The spouses involved in this wellness publicity will be the small town spiritual and political leaders, Zimbabwean Ministry of wellness, school nurses, local physician, NGO, and other wellness professionals in the community and the media. A spoke adult male from the other State who has witnesse d the benefits of immunization in his province will be available to speak. This could promote the leaders one time hearing it from their native brother. Collaborative/Partnership working has become a cardinal characteristic of British societal public assistance policy since 1997, ( Downie, 2000 ) . Although this development is applicable to all countries of public public assistance, nowhere is it more apparent than in the planning and proviso of attention that overlaps wellness and societal services. The New NHS: Morden and reliable ( 2005 ) places great trade of accent on partnership working with many other New Labour paperss following suit ( Demolishing the Berlin wall ) . However on the other manus Wildridge et Al, ( 2004 ) argues that partnership working is non in and of itself a good thing. The public-service corporation of working in partnership must be related to the desired result. Therefore it is merely deserving working in partnership if such working agreements will really assist accomplish the coveted end. Furthermore, there appears to hold confusion around the definition and nomenclature of partnership working with many o ther labels such as co-operations, coaction and joint working, ( Haxham, 2000, Lasker et al 2001 ) . They farther indicate out that whichever term is used it can intend different things to different people under different fortunes. Therefore, Lowndes ( 2007 ) describes partnership working as a assortment of agreements with different intents, clip graduated tables, constructions, runing processs and members between organisations, groups, bureaus persons and the community as a whole. Haxham ( 2000 ) further comments that coaction working achieves what would be hard or impossible for an organisation to make on its ain hence collaborative working is besides known as partnership working. Likewise Banks ( 2002 ) points out that at times cardinal policy may necessitate a partnership attack, nevertheless if the driver for bureaus working together is principally authorities insisting on them moving, the internal moral force for coaction may be weak. Therefore, taking to a partnership neglecting to travel beyond a presentation undertaking stage, without enduring impact, ( Williamson, 2001 ) .Management of Change StrategyThe job highlighted earlier helped set up the principle for alteration. By working collaboratively wit h the local professionals will promote the leaders to see the benefits of immunisation, without the concern of merely acquiring the information from a alien? Change means loss, and those presenting change demand to recognize the natural heartache and opposition that derive from this sense of loss, which can besides alarm them to possible defects in their proposals, ( Todnem, 2005 ) . To convey approximately successful alteration one should be motivated and believed that alteration is good. Change direction has been defined as the procedure of continually regenerating an organisation ‘s way, construction, and capablenesss to function the ever-changing demands of external and internal clients ( Moran and Brightman, 2001 ) . Harmonizing to Burnes, ( 2004 ) alteration is an ever-present characteristic of organizational life, both at an operational and strategic degree. Therefore, there should be no uncertainty sing the importance to any administration of its ability to place where it needs to be in the hereafter, and how to pull off the alterations required acquiring at that place. Consequently, organizational alteration can non be sepa rated from organizational scheme, or frailty versa ( Burnes, 2004 ; Rieley and Clarkson, 2001 ) . Due to the importance of organizational alteration, its direction is going a extremely required managerial accomplishment ( Senior, 2002 ) . Children provide the cardinal component for the future prosperity of society ( Department for Education and accomplishment, 2003 ) . Therefore, alteration direction is peculiarly of import when developing services for kids and their households, ( DH, 2004 ) . Children came from assorted socio-economic and cultural background, it is imperative that all kids receive appropriate wellness attention. If kids become excluded from preventive intercessions and wellness attention surveillance coders, their peculiar demands may non be identified, ( DH, 2004 ) . Therefore taking to hapless kid development, which will impact their quality of life. Change direction has been viewed as a accomplishment to make, follow and reassign cognition to reflect cognition and penetrations, ( Baulcombie, 2003 ) A principle for alteration is necessary before any alteration can be implementated. Therefore, for the community of Gwanda to help their kids ‘s wellness, their immunisation on the kids has to be implemented. In wellness attention theories are used to convey about planned changed. Planned alteration involved, acknowledging a job and making a program to turn to it, ( Sturdy and Grey, 2002 ) . Assorted alteration theories have been identified within the wellness sector. Therefore taking the right alteration theory is of paramount importance as all alteration theories do non suit any alteration, ( Linstead and Linstead, 2004 ) , Abrahamson, 2000 ) . Kurt Lewin 1951 and Lippitts and Haveloxks direction of alteration theories are the most planned alteration direction theories used in the wellness sector, ( Black, 2000 ) , and their influence still holds in the industry. Planned alteration basically, single behaviour alteration requires two conditions to be met: acquisition has to happen and motive to use the acquisition has to be, ( Baulcombie, 2003 ) . However writers such as Collings, ( 2003 ) and Buchannan and Badham, ( 2000 ) criticize planned alteration claiming that, planned alteration is assumed to hold a clear cut and distinct start and coating, small or no history is taken of the demand for organisation to react in a dynamic and unstable manner to uninterrupted ( frequently external ) force per unit areas of alteration. As Weick ( 2000 ) noted, the chief critics of planned alteration tend to piece under the streamer of emergent alteration. Weick ( 2000 ) states that: Emergent alteration consists of ongoing adjustments, versions, and changes that produce cardinal alteration without a priori purposes to make so. Emergent alteration occurs when people reaccomplish modus operandis and when they deal with eventualities, dislocations, and chances in mundane work. Much of this alteration goes unnoticed, because little changes are lumped together as noise in otherwise uneventful inactiveness. As the emergent attack to alter is comparatively new compared to the planned attack, it is argued that it still lacks coherency and a diverseness of techniques ( Bamford and Forrester, 2003 ; Wilson, 1992 ) . Another unfavorable judgment of the emergent attack is that it consists of a instead disparate group of theoretical accounts and attacks that tend to be more united in their agnosticism to the planned attack to alter than to an agreed option ( Bamford and Forrester, 2003 ; Dawson, 1994 ) . However, harmonizing to Burnes ( 2006 ) the general pertinence and cogency of the emergent attack to organizational alteration depends on whether or non one believes that all administrations operate in dynamic and unpredictable environments to which they invariably have to accommodate. However, for this proposal planned direction of alteration will be used. The alteration theory by Lewin has three stages. Lewin saw that planned alteration is chiefly aimed at bettering the operation and effectivity of the human side of the organisation through participative, group- and team-based coders of alteration ( Burnes, 2004 ; 2000 ) . Lewin died in 1947, but his attack to planned alteration was broadened out and updated by the organisation development motion and applied to organization-wide enterprises such as civilization and structural alteration coders ( Cummings and Worley, 2001 ) .Phase 1 Unfreezing:Lewin believed that the stableness of human behaviour was based on a quasi-stationary equilibrium supported by a complex field of driving and keeping forces. He argued that the equilibrium needs to be destabilized ( unfrozen ) before old behaviour can be discarded ( unlearnt ) and new behaviour successfully adopted. Therefore naming jobs an consciousness of the demand to alt er. At this phase persons are motivated to follow a new position that enables them to comprehend that the current state of affairs can be improved. The forces driving towards and keeping persons from following a alteration must be identified, in this instance the small towns, political and spiritual leaders who are resisted to alter are identified and schemes are to be devised to beef up the drive forces and to weaken the restraining forces. This could be done by educating the small town leaders about infantile paralysis, how kids get infantile paralysis and how to forestall it. Talk to the leaders about their frights if the alteration has to go on. The negotiations and group engagement will so garner information that will place forces that will impact alteration, as in a force field analysis, ( Boje, 2000 ) . Consequently, these can be implemented to present alteration in aiming to cut down infantile paralysis among kids ; in this instance, the drive forces for alteration resulted from kids with high Numberss of infantile paralysis in the territory and the deficiency of good instruction information for the community. During this phase the leaders will be encouraged to voice concerns and frights, and will be given clip to be educated and all answered to their satisfaction. The pedagogues will press the Leaders to see the demand to better attention for the kids. The procedure of squad edifice through group engagement of the wellness boosters, instructors, school nurse and the leaders will promote accepting and back uping alteration. ( Carnal, 2003 ) notes that during the unfreezing stage, it is of import to promote inquiries and advance attitudes that might impact alteration.Measure 2 TravelingTraveling to a desired, province through the execution of new systems. As Schein ( 2006 ) notes, u nfreezing is non an terminal in itself, it creates motive to larn but does non needfully command or foretell the way. Alternatively, one should seek to see all the forces at work to place and measure, on a test and mistake footing, all the available options ( Lewin, 1947 ) . Changing breakage of old wonts and acceptance of new accomplishments and behaviour. In the devising phase, unfastened communicating and engagement of the leaders in developing the alteration in perspecting will be encouraged. Once persons feel actively involved and personally committed to a undertaking, they will be more likely to back up its successful execution, ( Shelton and Darling 2001 ) . Sufficient instruction and support during the traveling phase will assist the leaders achieve a new comfort zone, ( Carney, 2000 ) . Conger ( 2000 ) notes that any alteration is an implied menace, and the individuals affected, frequently vacillate between the loss of the old manner and the chances of the new. The travelin g phase terminals when alteration is implemented and new behaviour encouraged. When alterations are introduced, a period of destabilization is to be expected. Therefore, committedness and motive from the leaders every bit good as the squad as a whole, is required to do this phase successful. The leaders will be encouraged by the fact they will hold kids in the community who do non hold infantile paralysis, and the benefit of the cognition of the importance of immunisation non merely for infantile paralysis.Measure 3: refreezing:Re-freezing or internalising new behaviours and attitudes to forestall and attitudes to forestall to forestall a return old ways of operating. This is the concluding measure in the three-step theoretical account. Refreezing seeks to stabilise the group at a new equilibrium in order to guarantee that the new behaviours are comparatively safe from arrested development. Carr ( 2001 ) noted that the freeze phase is of import to capture informations that reveal th e result of the alteration and describe them. Watchfulness is required to forestall back sliding and old wont patterns return. Many alterations fail because of deficiency of attending to this concluding phase, ( Carney, 2004: Horsefly and Ross-Smith, 2002 ) . Lewin saw these three elements as being used and working together instead than being seen as separate theories. As Burnes ( 2004 ) notes, in order to accomplish successful alteration, Lewin believed it was necessary: to analyse and understand how societal groupings were formed, motivated and maintained. This required the usage of both field theory and group kineticss and to alter the behaviour of societal groups. A demand to both action research and the three-step theoretical account of alteration. Doyle et Al. ( 2000 ) claim that there is inclination in the wellness sector of implementing alteration, so travel on without doing certain that the alteration is lasting. To seek and alter excessively much excessively rapidly is likely to be counterproductive as people will non be able to cover with it efficaciously. The acceptance of an bossy attack to alter, or an over ambitious one, shows a failure to appreciate the human facets of alteration and is likely to bring forth fright, uncertainness and ill will, ( Mullins, 2000 ) . Therefore in this case the leaders will be advised that the alteration will foremost be targeted at a certain figure of freshly born with consequence of turn overing out to all babes in a three month period. However, it must be stressed the importance of all the kids to be immunized every bit shortly as possible. Communication is both a contributory factor to alter, therefore is closely linked to the manner of direction. Lack of communicating efficaciously run the hazard that programs and motivations will be misunderstood and lead to bring forth opposition, ( Mentol et al. 2002 ) . Garvin ( 2000 ) notes, that rumour and guess can make full the nothingness.DecisionIn decision, an of import aim or result of wellness demands appraisal is to convey about ‘health addition ‘ . Clearly, the peculiar wellness addition sought depends in portion on what demand is being assessed. In many types of wellness demand assessment the coveted type of wellness addition is a decrease of mortality and morbidity. Outcomes or aims can include non merely those which ‘add old ages to life ‘ , but besides those which add ‘life to old ages ‘ . Bettering ‘quality of life ‘ is hence besides another of import result ( Robinson and Elkan, 2006 ) . Health results such as alterations in morbidity and mortality are the consequence non merely of wellness attention intercessions but besides of wider societal alterations and policies which affect wellness, such as policies concerned with the environment or general alterations in life criterions. As can be seen from the above, proper wellness in struction and engagement of the interest holders in the planning of proviso of immunisation is paramount in accomplishing the obliteration of infantile paralysis in the country, Zimbabwe and the universe as a whole.

The Wisdom of Crowds

The Smartest People May Not be as Smart as a Crowd, but Who can Find a Smart Crowd? In The Wisdom of Crowds, author James Surowiecki contends that the â€Å"smartest people† are often not as smart as a group of individuals formed under the right circumstances (XIII). Surowiecki backs up his claim by giving numerous real life examples of crowds that meet the criteria of having diversity of opinion, independence, decentralization and aggregation, and have proven to be smarter than almost any one individual in the group.Surowiecki has proven that he has a strong case for his theory of smart crowds but the exclusivity of this group of people has me wondering just how easy it is to identify or form such a group for practical purposes if no expert is available to mitigate a situation. I feel that such ability would take practice and an increase in awareness to master, but still, I do believe it can be done by almost anyone.Without addressing the specific argument of the reasonable e ase of any one person being able to form a smart crowd, Surowiecki does provide a persuasive example in favor of my theory when he tells the story of the missing submarine Scorpion in May 1968. With no experts immediately available, naval officer John Craven assembled a group of men with a wide range of knowledge and asked them to submit their best guess on questions about the submarine’s disappearance from a variety of scenarios he concocted (XX).The result of his survey was a calculation of the answers that led to a location found to be only 220 yards away from where the submarine was found five months after it disappeared (XXI). Craven did this on the fly and without the help of any of the â€Å"smartest people† and found a better solution than any one expert ever did. Although an expert like Surowiecki finds it easy to identify examples of a wise crowd, I had to ask myself if I could do the same.I found myself thinking back to when I had been placed on a committee at work whose goal it was to come up with a good solution on how to integrate personnel from different departments on a volunteer basis only. On this committee were two representatives from each respective department (filling the diversity of opinion and decentralization requirements) and one Supervisor sent to guide the group.As a group, we developed several possible solutions to this issue and were sent back to our departments to deliberate on our own as to what we thought was the right course of action so that we could come to a decision at our next meeting. By the next meeting it was found that the majority of us had independently decided that by allowing employees the most freedom, by way of being able to travel to any department they liked, we would get the most participation through volunteerism.We were soon overrided by the supervisor and told the most beneficial way to go about it was to narrow the option down to only allow travel to one department where it was believed tho se who did volunteer would potentially learn the most; this is the option that was adopted. Over the next few months, employees were allowed the opportunity to travel to the specified department, and few took advantage of it. It was soon after decided, by a group of supervisors, that in order to get better participation employees should be allowed to travel to which ever department they liked and by allowing this freedom they did receive more participation.What this proved to me, was that our small group of independently thinking people were able to identify a solution that the employees saw as a correct one and that the smart person in the group, counting on his expertise, forced our hand in a less desirable direction. Despite the smart person taking over our group, I can say with confidence that I was indeed part of a wise crowd. Since I consider myself an amateur at developing or identifying a wise crowd, and Surowiecki an expert, I next sought a source I deemed to be novice to s ee what imput they could they could offer on my theory.My sister Abby and her husband Carlos are owners of a boutique custom cake and cupcake shop called Nadia Cakes, and last year they decided to expand their business from California to another state; in July they drove across the country in search of the perfect place to open their new shop. They stopped in several states, casually talked with local communities and surveyed surrounding areas before coming to the tentative solution that Minnesota was in need of a custom cake and cupcake shop and would be a great place to call home.In an effort to make as informed a decision as possible, they decided to do market research in the form a survey in the community they had identified as a promising location. They chose two different shopping centers they were considering for their store and surveyed 100 shoppers in each. The shoppers were asked multiple questions during the survey including where they usually buy cakes, and if a boutique cake and cupcake shop were to open in the area how likely they would be to purchase cakes there.Through this diverse, independent crowd who drew on their local knowledge, they were able to aggregate the information they collected and learned which shopping center would be best for their business and that the community was highly in favor of a shop like theirs opening in the area. The information my sister and her husband collected led them to move to Minnesota where they have had an overwhelming response from the community even though it will be several months more until the shop opens.In just the two months they have been there they have been featured live on CBS, Fox and NBC morning shows and their following on their Facebook Advertising page for Minnesota has risen to 2,000. And if that isn’t enough proof that the crowd was right, the fact that they can hardly keep on top of all of the future cake and cupcake orders pouring in via Facebook and email is. Although I still s truggle to identify a wise crowd on my own, I am happy that I was able to identify these few examples from an expert, novice and beginner, and am confident that others can as well.My experience with the wise crowd at work was a strong example to me of how anyone can be involved in one and good evidence that the smartest person isn’t always right. My sister is simply a small business owner with good work ethic and without even knowing it, created her own wise crowd with great results and no need for an expert. Surowiecki is surely correct that the smartest people aren’t always right and his method to finding a solution without them is certainly valid in my book. Works Cited Surowiecki, James. The Wisdom of Crowds. New York: Random House, 2005. Print

Critique article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Critique - Article Example ich thiazide drugs have come to be used in tandem with other pharmacological substances as a means of treating hypertension related morbidity and mortality. Beyond this, the aritlce expends a great deal of discussion on the accepted side effect profile of thiazide drugs and the means by which existing and current research is shedding more light on the renal impacts that these drugs invariably have on the patient that utilizes them for chronic treatment of hypertension (Ernst et al., 2009). Likewise, the low occurrence of pancreatic issues, specifically cancer, is related. The research that is performed with respect to thiazide and its treatment of hypertension within this article goes far above what is replicated in most journal entries; at least in part to the fact that the authors are focused on describing a much broader picture and not necessarily focusing in on one single determinant of hypertension treatment via thiazide synthesized drugs. For such reasons, this student has deeded it to be a valuable contribution to the study that will be

P5 SCI Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

P5 SCI - Essay Example In the last part of the 20th century, modern investigations have led to the evidence of sea-floor spreading or the diversion of ocean floor from the mod-ocean ridges. Under geometric continental reconstructions evidence, Wegener proposed that the coastline geography of the continents on either side of the Atlantic Ocean have pattern and can be fitted back together like a jigsaw puzzle. Example of which are the coastlines of western Africa and eastern South America (Rogers, 2008). In addition, Wegener reiterated it is the end of the submerged continental shelf that marks the line of the originally joined continents and not the coastline-fit misconception. Geological match and continuity of structure evidence explained how there are similar rock types, succession of strata or igneous bodies which have unique characteristics were found on either side of the ocean. This evidence was observed in the similarities of the rock strata and geological structures of the Appalachian and Caledonian mountain belts of eastern USA and northwestern Europe, as well as the Precambrian rocks and geological structures similarity observed between South America and Africa (Rogers, 2008). The third evidence is the climate, sediment and mismatch of sedimentary deposits, which explained that the nature and style of rock weathering and erosion varies among Earth climate belts. This explained why sand dunes are formed in hot, dry desserts, cool and sandstone succession in tropical swamps and river deltas, and boulder clay deposits and U-shaped valleys in ice sheets and glaciers areas (Rogers, 2008). The modern evidence gathered during the latter part of the 20th century, which has made the continental drift theory acceptable, is the sea-floor spreading evidence. Modern geologists had explained the inaccessible ocean floor in Wegener’s theory and discovered stri ped patterns of magnetic

Identification Questions Of POL SCI Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Identification Questions Of POL SCI - Assignment Example 5. First, a number of methods for conducting election campaigns were changed signaling democratization by a general enlargement of the voting franchise. Secondly by early 19th Century, a majority of free white adults could vote. Thirdly, the election system was characterized by two major parties that dominated it. 6. Hyper-pluralism is a state where there is a group(s) or factions that are stronger than the government making the government to be weakened. They are dangerous because they undermine the rule of simple majority. 12. First, it allows for division of power between the National, State and Local governments of which, none is superior or inferior to the other. Secondly, it has a constitution that lists the powers of these governments and describes their various institutions. Thirdly, it provides for an independent judiciary capable of reviewing the laws and regulations of the governments of each level thus avoiding power struggles. 13. With trustee, the legislators vote and act according to their own personal beliefs and what they feel is good for the society. On the other hand, delegated theory assumes the delegate as an agent of the voters and so will vote according to what the voters want even if they do not support it wholeheartedly. 16. Constitutionalism patriotism is a concept that is part of the post-nationalism theories that have been used influentially to develop the nation. A case study is their use in developing the European Union (Ceaser, 25). On the other hand, liberal nationalism refers to a kind of nationalism that is developed and identified by political philosophers who believe in non-xenophobic kinds of nationalisms. It is compatible with liberal values of freedom, individual rights, tolerance and

International Commercial Disputes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

International Commercial Disputes - Essay Example (Armstrong, K; Fire of Asia; Allied Publication; 2004; page 98) Commercial dispute arbitration on an international scale would entail interesting specifics. The Encyclopaedia Britannica would state that the art of international arbitration began between the United States and Great Britain approximately in the year 1794 in order for America to build a sound national economy and ensure commercial prosperity. The pursuit of international negotiations led to the creation of the Jay Treaty. This treaty, regardless of its extremely controversial nature and the nation's outrage, passed the senate at President Washington's urging. Commercial dispute arbitration, as can be seen just in early American developments, would in fact bring interesting considerations to light. The evolution of commercial dispute arbitration has in fact become something of an incredible undertaking. This would be undeniable in light of the vast number of often daily changes involved in international business relations and political and social contexts worldwide. In the realm of judgments managed in arbitral situations the International Law Association, which was founded in 1873 utilizes definitions of public policy including international public policy and public policy. Public policy would be those moral, social or economic considerations which would in fact be applied by various courts as grounds for refusal to enforce arbitral awards whether they are domestic or foreign. International public policy would in fact be public policy applied by state courts in regard to foreign awards in place of domestic awards. This is a much narrower focus than public policy would be. Yet again, there is reason to clarify that international public policy should not be confused with what i s known as transnational public policy. (Gower, N D and Banerjee, S; Good Governance: a Look into the Future of International balance; Alliance Publishers; 2004; page 12) Transnational, or in most cases, truly international public policy would be those principles that represent international consensus in regard to universal standards and includes accepted norms of conduct which must always apply. Transnational public policy comprises the fundamental rules of law, jus cogens in public international law, the principles of universal justice, and the general principles of morality accepted by those nations referred to as "civilised." The various conventions in regard to international law would be the New York Convention of 1958, the Geneva Convention of 1927, the Panama Convention of 1975, the Riyadh Convention in 1983, and the 1965 Washington Convention. There have been various national laws to affect arbitration including the UNCITRAL Model Law, the OHADA Uniform Act, and state legislation. The UNCITRAL Model Law would owe its origins to a request the Asian-African Legal Consultative Committee made in 1977. The reasoning behind the development of UNCITRAL would be a consideration by the Asian-African Legal Consultative Committee which maintained there was a lack of uniformity in national courts approaches to award enforcement. This is where harmonisation of enforcement practices was necessary in States enforcement practices. The committee also concluded that there must be judicial control of the

The Future of Shipping Industry Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Future of Shipping Industry - Article Example The decline in the overall demand from developed countries such as US and UK is forcing many developing and emerging countries to look for local demand, and as such, there is very little demand being generated internationally as suppliers from countries like China is finding it difficult to sell their products in international market. (Wade). Until most recently, the industry was facing an uphill task of meeting the expenses because of increase in oil prices. Due to the lack of fuel efficiency, many shipping companies found it difficult to manage their costs as the consistent increase in oil prices was seen as one of the greatest threats to the short-term viability of the industry. (Vidal). Considering this fundamental challenge, environment specialists like Vidal conclude that the future of shipping industry would largely depend upon how the industry adapts to the biofuel technology as the industry does not only have to withstand increasing costs but also have to face the increasing criticism for its involvement in polluting environment. It has also been argued that the ship designing is largely based on existing regulations which need to be fulfilled before a ship can be rolled over for the commercial purpose. Due to complacent nature of such regulations, it is often felt that the chip makers, as well as shipping industry, have to face the wrath of industry dynamics which are not allowing them to be more competitive. As such the future of shipping industry is largely based on the changes to be made into the relevant regulations in order to make it more competitive and sustainable. It is also important to note that due to increased awareness of the consumers and emergence of so-called â€Å"ethical consumers† demands that the supply chain of the international organizations shall be ethical in its orientation. However, the absence of any such concepts in other parts of the world may not lead to the development of community shipping and as such due to a diversity of the suppliers and buyers; shipping industry may not make a transition to community shipping until regional economic clusters are developed.

Real rapes and Real victims Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Real rapes and Real victims - Essay Example As this is not always the case, the police has made a differentiation between â€Å"real rape† and where the woman herself did not initially think of it as rape but was convinced by other people that it was. Based from the research done (Stewart, Dobbin & Gatowski, 1996), a woman is finally convinced by other people to report the rape by two reasons: Sadly, myths and pre-conceived notions of women have dominated the police’s perception of women claiming rape. Because of these ideas, the police have acted nonchalantly towards these women and have come up with their own criterion to judge who the â€Å"real victim† is. This person, police say, is a woman who did not bring upon the rape to herself. In other words, the â€Å"real victim† acted decently but still found herself a victim of rape. This is when the justice system deems it proper to â€Å"rescue† her. This reasoning may be attributed to a belief in the â€Å"Pedestal Myth†. The pedestal myth puts woman at the top level of the respect and virtue ladder. Under this notion, women are expected to be prim and proper. They are expected to be more honorable than men. They should not drink. They should not hang out and/or drink in bars, wear tempting clothes and the like. Women are expected to be more ladylike. This notion has caused the police to focus more on the credibility of the woman rather than the facts of the case in deciding whether to pursue a rape claim or not. They have created their own standard seemingly based on this pedestal myth and will only investigate a claim if they think the judge will deem the victim believable. This is a very vital point in finding justice for the rape victim. Inasmuch as they are the first group of people who will officially decide whether a crime of rape has been committed or not, the police’s impression of a rape victim is of utmost importance. Similarly, the character and credibility of the victim aid in fig uring out what

Motivation in work place Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Motivation in work place - Assignment Example actor of motivation of the employees in the workplace is extremely important for deciding the performance levels of an organization which functions in the healthcare segment. As such, this research is conducted to evaluate the existing motivation levels, strategies and performance within the organization. Also, the motivation strategies that can be used by the business managers in the organization are considered and their practical application is analysed. The research would be mainly based on secondary research methodology in which data would be gathered from the employee groups working in the NHS foundation Trust. The research report is structured in a methodical and step by step manner. Suitable research aims and objectives are designed followed by a thorough review of the available literatures on the topic of motivation. The literature review would help to provide a base for the development of the research work and for analysing the collected data from a theoretical perspective. The research methodology including data collection techniques and data analysis methods are discussed. This is followed by the finding and interpretations that are derived by analysing the secondary data collected from the research. A well formulated conclusion is given to summarize the findings from the research. Also, a reflective diary that includes the approaches, views and opinions of the researcher is documented. An annotated bibliography is added to review the academic references used for the research work and for highlighting the purpose and use of these literary sources in the paper. The main aim of the research is to evaluate the factor of motivation in workplaces. This is done by understanding what motivation actually is and studying the different dimensions of motivation. The researcher aims to explore motivation form different perspectives and looks into the role of motivation in a workplace. Also, he looks into the different strategies that may be used by the human

Rolls Royce business 's generic and distinctive marketing strategies Case Study

Rolls Royce business 's generic and distinctive marketing strategies - Case Study Example Economic scale comes into play as large companies like Rolls Royce can decrease of units as volumes rise. This is especially true for a large department store such like Rolls Royce, which needs to have a number of different business sectors, such as: administration, marketing, finance etc. Therefore, entry barriers are considered to be high. Large aerospace or department stores could choose where to get products from many suppliers; therefore, suppliers have less power. Aero engine industries are gaining more power in the industry, described by Craven et al. Aero engine industries are increasingly gaining more bargaining power; therefore this trend indicates that suppliers are becoming less powerful than they used to be. The influential part is that the price of products can be different mainly, even for the similar group of product, in large aero engine companies of those in a further discount type of aero engine company. Due to the dissimilarity, buyers have additional products to select from, when trying to locate and purchase an exacting product; thus switching costs of buyers are low. For Rolls Royce, which has large-scale department stores selling a wide range of aerospace industry products could be substitutes for consumers. The new trend of online shopping is another possible substitute for certain consumer groups. Industry Rivalry There are many competitors existing in the large aero space industry, the biggest of which is Aircraft; even though they direct their promotions at different target markets. In addition, dissimilar types of aero space industry, which include reduction aero aerospace industry like Target, aircraft are competing inside the similar industry of air engine. Activities 2 b Summary of industry changes since 2000 The main objective of this activity is to describe changes the UK grocery supply chain or strategic management and the relations with its suppliers to reduce costs so that company will support its cost-saving competitive advantage. (Amit, R. & Schoemaker, 2003, 33-46). This research argues that the growth in UK supermarket performance in new-fangled years has resulted in a characteristic system of retailing in the UK, and that this has a number of significant consequences for how one charge the nature of competition in this market. In exacting it means that standard approaches to review customer benefits and the attendance or nonattendance of anti-competitive behaviour may not be suitable. It is argued that UK supermarkets are bring a quite dissimilar offering to the marketplace from an easy basket of goods'' by means of a exact price and excellence. (Bashein, B. J. & Markus, M. L. 2004, 7-13). Investment in Logistics And Distribution The concluding major piece of reform of the UK food industry can be seen in the broader-scale asset in the sharing infrastructure. Logistics have turn out to be unsafe in ensuring the growth of fresh and chilled product ranges, but additional usually the centralisation of distribution in regional logistical amenities by

The Public Sector in Canada Essay Example for Free

The Public Sector in Canada Essay Canadian public sector reform initiatives have exhibited a more complex case for study or assessment. As much as the government tried to initiate many reforms there has been many dimension of view of whether the Canadian government should be involved or not in the public reforms and initiatives. Several reforms have been undertaken but there has been occasional mixed results achieved in some traditional areas of the public sector. Government Involvement in Some Traditional Areas of Public Sector in Canada If we first take into consideration what has been accomplished. The government has influenced massive Privatization of many cooperate organizations and institution in Canada which began in the time of Mulroney leadership and continued to Chretien leadership. Some of the privatized cooperation include: the Canadian airline and the national petrol company. The Canadian central government’s Program Review which was done in the year nineteen ninety four and the year nineteen ninety was influenced by the need to achieve economic balance. But on the other hand it made ministers and the civil servants to generate many questions regarding the government programs. Some of the questions included: if they are still useful, if it should be the take of the central government, the provincial leadership, or the private fraternity. When the government made this program review, it led to the doing a way with some subsidies and the entire privatization of crucial services for example the airport services and the air navigation services. On the other hand it was found out that some departments were now able to accomplish there services at extremely reduced input cost by adopting the information technology on board. A viable example of this is the Canadian human Resources Development. The adoption of the famous electronic kiosks by the Canadian government to enable individuals to search for jobs and to enhance flow of information in the industrial and trade sector brought much achievement on board. To add on this it led to the cutting of expenditure on services and trading of goods by adoption of Information technology, hence the federal government was able to cut down on the number of personnel by almost 25 percent. This led to a total reduction compared to major economies such as the United Kingdom and the United States federal governments. Through the application of Information Technology Canada has bee able to bring on board some traditional public sectors and involve them into the information flow of the federal government which has been a very major public sector reform in the economic viability of the country. The Canadian public sector has really made good utilization of this new reform and adopted technology such as Internet, the electronic business and the famous electronic kiosk. More advancement have also been made on the available technologies in order to enhance the linkage of the public to the government to reduce the gap that always exists between the central government and that common public population and the international community. Also in the year 1989 the Canadian government adopted an initiative dubbed ‘the public service year 2000’ which had a ten taskforce comprising of deputy ministers and some senior public servants, and then in just two years the taskforce was able to enhance service improvement to the public and also reduced the control of the central agency control of the public welfare. Although this recommendations was countered by opposition coming from the central government’s federal office of the Auditing, also from parliament members, from the public unions, and also from the media fraternity it was a visionary way forward for Canadian public and government relation enhancement (Roberts 1996). The opposition of this public reform by the above mentioned group of people might have been overcome by the strong supporting by the political turn of events during that time since as this reform dubbed the ‘public service 2000’ was getting rooted the members of parliament at that time were busy negotiating on the then intended 1982 constitution amendment. The then Chretien leadership become focused and decided to commit itself to the development of and publish service standards which was supposed to report its performance in a year time later (The Canadian Auditors General, 1996). The government of Canada has so far been able to make outstanding commitment towards rebuilding of a professional public service after the downsizing of the last few years. It has now adopted the comprehensive hiring of workers at the entrance point, rather than recruiting from outside at middle or senior ranks. The only area where there has been considerable staffing from outside at the central point level is in information technology. ) The regime has also put an importance on transformation the policy capacity of the public service. In the existence year of downsize and financial plan-cutting, there were limited opportunities to develop new policies. Now that there is financial support for new initiatives is available, the communal service has a role to p lay in implementing them. Thus the centralized administration is trying to restore the public service along the lines of the traditional model. This traditional public service formed would be unswerving with the main concern of fighting separatism, because career public servants, especially the twenty-five to thirty percent who claim French as their mother tongue, could be expected to be more loyal to the federalist cause than people on short-term contracts. The most outstanding organizational reform innovation in Canada’s public sector go beneath the rubric of alternative service delivery, which has been defined as a process of public sector restructuring that improves the delivery of services to clients by sharing governance functions with individuals, community groups, and other government entities (Ford and Zussman 1997: 6). Some of the most common examples are like the Canada’s Business Service Centers, which relates to both federal and provincial governments, and Navigation Canada, a non-profit corporation owned by the users and employees of the air navigation system. These partnership relationships cut down the pricey overlap and replication, and perform actions that the federal government has devolved as a consequence of its Program Review. These partnerships also recognize the difficulty of Canada’s federalism by involving all stakeholders in the ongoing management of services or policy areas. Although Canada has lacked in trivial top down public government administration reorganization, it has had an affluence of bottom up procedures. These initiatives have been shown in the application to the Institute of Public management of Canadian innovation award. Certainly, provincial administrations have had the most influential charisma in these awards (Borins and Kocovski 1997). A proportionate study of application to the Ford Foundation innovation awards in the US and the IPAC awards in Canada shows extensive similarities in terms of the types of innovations, innovative process, and results achieved. It also shows that in both Canada and the US the middle managers and front-line staff were the originators of approximately half the innovations which are a surprisingly large role given traditional public sector constraints. at the same time as the complication of their national systems habitually causes annoying overlap and duplication, they also provide opportunities to innovate in what the American jurist Brandeis called ‘laboratories of democracy. Conclusion  Canada should try to adhere to and advance the bottom up reform, in particular the efforts of front-line staff and middle managers, especially if sanctioned from above (for example, the US federal government’s reinvention labs), as well as reforms undertaken by sub-national governments. It should also have an influence on the ideas originating from the private sector, such as service quality, total quality management, and business process reengineering.

Experiences Of Women Mature Students In Higher Education

Experiences Of Women Mature Students In Higher Education Internationally there has been a large body of literature presented on the experiences of mature students, who have returned to higher education after a significant absence from compulsory education (for example, Baxter and Britton, 1999; Baxter and Britton, 2001; Lister, 2003; O’Donnell and Tobbell, 2007; O’Shea and Stone, 2011) to name but a few. Within much of this literature Baxter and Britton (1999:181) would point out that despite the marginalisation of women in educational research studies, this has not been the case in the literature presented on mature student whereby the â€Å"mature student is usually assumed to be female† and studies have particularly focused more so on women returners rather than both genders. Up until the late 1980s through to the early 1990s the primary research method used to conduct much of these studies was the large-scale quantitative survey, (for example, see Watkins, 1982) where the findings illustrated that mature students had a shared set of characteristics including educational background and educational achievements (Baxter and Britton, 1999; Parr, 2000). However, mature students are not a homogenous group, as each student’s higher education experience will be determined by factors including class, gender and ethnicity (O’Donnell and Tobbell, 2007; Morgan, 2013). Therefore, Richardson (1994:322) would state that to research the life experiences of mature students in higher education, this cannot be â€Å"carried out by means of bare quantitative procedures such as questionnaires† where the appropriate approach required would be to conduct individual semi-structured interviews. The defining feature which categorises mature students is based on age but this can vary on the country in question, for example, in Sweden, Norway and Australia the mature student is classified as someone who is over twenty-five years of age (Thomas and Quinn, 2006) as opposed to the UK where according to the Higher Education Statistics Authority the mature student is someone who is over twenty-one (HESA, 2014). According to Smith (2008:1) the term mature student â€Å"identifies a category of learners who embark on a course of study later in life† and can include any adult education programme such as further and/or higher education Historically, the role of women was to devote themselves to the position of homemaker. However, as western society as advanced to become more egalitarian this has witnessed a rapid shift in mothers with child/ren returning to education to become more self-sufficient and to gain a sense of self-identity. However, Baxter and Britton (2001) would argue that while trying to balance their student role, women still have a multiplicity of other roles were they shoulder the responsibility of childcare and domestic life, therefore, inequalities between genders are still widely seen. In recent times, the subordinate role of women in societies for example non wage winner, 2nd class citizen etc.throughout the world has significantly improved, slowly closing the gender gap in equality. One of the many advantages to this in modern society is that women have now the opportunity of gaining a good education. According to Parr (2000) this has led to increasing numbers of mature women returning to educ ation, not just to gain a paper qualification or to obtain better job opportunities but also to become more self-sufficient and to gain a sense of self-identity. This increase in mature women returning to higher education can be linked to the formation of ‘lifelong education’ (O’Shea and Stone, 2011). The concept of lifelong education is not new whereby, ancient societies emphasised the need â€Å"to learn from the cradle to the grave† (Gishti, 2009). However, it was not until the late twentieth/early twenty-first century that lifelong education became ‘heralded’ as an new age phenomenon, and became high on the social agenda of many governments and international organisations such as, UNESCO (Jackson, Malcolm and Thomas, 2011). In 1972 UNESCO International Commission on the Development of Education published the â€Å"Faure report† with the aim to assist governments in formulating and implementing new strategies in lifelong education. The primary underpinning of this report emphasised how important it was that every individual had the opportunity to lifelong education (Learning to be, 1972). This led to the UNESCO institute becoming the first institution to address the needs and aspirations of adult learners and in 2006 the name was changed to UNESCO Ins titute for Lifelong Learning, to reflect the institute’s focus on adult learning (UNESCO, 2013). According to Lister (2003) the primary focus in the role of lifelong learning is to combat social exclusion and target previously excluded groups. One of the many disadvantaged groups that lifelong learning particularly aims to benefit is those of women who have caring responsibilities and childcare commitments. Encompassing a broad perspective Lister (2003) would also note that the role of higher education plays a key part in the development of lifelong learning However, Jackson et al (2011:5) argues that in western societies women continue to be limited to their choices of learning when returning to education as â€Å"the gendered nature of the hidden curriculum [†¦] restrict women’s access† to many courses. This in turn can create difficulties for women who are interested in following a particular career path. Nonetheless, for mature women lifelong learning can be a source of empowerment and emancipation (Bhattachra, 2014). Therefore, â€Å"education is seen as empowering, in that it opens up employment opportunities and is a vehicle for the development of the self.† (Baxter and Britton, 2001:87). Upon commencing on this journey of self-discovery, O’ Shea and Stone (2011) would note that as mature students, women may harbour feelings of self-doubt and hesitation. In trying to play the role of the student, O’Shea’s (2014) study found that mature women encounter many anxieties where they feel like ‘imposters’ in a higher education institute after having been absent from education for such a long time. According to O’Donnell and Tobbell (2007) many adult students in general, regardless of their gender, feel vulnerable because they lack experience in formal education and also because they have additional pressures outside of education to contend with, such as family responsibilities. From the scoping review of the literature above there is a clear demonstrable opportunity for research on mature women that return to education after a significant gap. Therefore, this dissertation aims to explore how non-traditional mature women manage their student role along with the multitude of other responsibilities that they shoulder. Within the framework of this study, this dissertation will also examine the emotional journey of mature women from the transition of ‘expected’ roles to the enablement of participation in life-long learning and personal capacity building. Coming from a feminist perspective the social specific issues which will be addressed include the empowerment, inequality and oppression of women with children or other caring responsibilities.

Junk Food in Schools Essay

Junk Food in Schools Essay Ahmed ALfaraj Schools, it seems, always need more money. One way many of them found funding for things they needed was through corporate sponsorship. While there have been stories about school gymnasiums named after Pepsi, there was a much less noticeable way that corporations sponsored schools and that was through the food that schools provide for the children. The law that says schools must provide children with breakfast and lunches if the kids’ parents cannot afford to pay for them, made it so that schools had to come up with a lot of food for poor kids and that is expensive. Food corporations stepped in and offered their products to schools and schools accepted even if they were not the healthiest of foods. Now, because of things like Pizza Hut pizza, and Smucker’s Uncrustables, without meaning to, schools are contributing to the childhood obesity epidemic by including junk foods in lunches and vending machines. However, thanks to people like Michelle Obama, the unhealthy food h as started to be replaced in many schools through some innovative programs and new government rules about what kind of food can be included in school lunches have helped to keep kids healthy. Most people would agree that offering unhealthy meals to kids at school does not seem like the right thing to do. It is bad enough that many children do not get adequate nutrition at home, but to have the same type of food offered to them at school also seems like a hypocritical thing to do especially when schools are responsible for also teaching healthy life behavior such as eating a healthy diet and getting plenty of exercise. The reason a law was made that required schools to serve healthy lunches and breakfast is that lower-income children may not get enough to eat at home. Not only that with many single-parent households and working families, there may not be anyone to fix meals for children. The law was made so that children would not go hungry. It is a shame that schools then would feed children unhealthy food and allow vending machines that sell junk food. Another reason schools offer meals to children is that children who have eaten breakfast and lunch do much better in school. That has recently been proven by many studies, but that is not the only reason school lunches have been given to children. Nick Confessore of the New York Times says, â€Å"It was the U.S. military that first advanced the national-security implications of a healthful lunch. . . . Gen. Lewis B. Hershey, a former school principal . . . told the lawmakers that as many as 40 percent of rejected draftees had been turned away owing to poor diets† (Confessore). That is how the original National School Lunch program came about. During the 1980s, it was cut along with most other social services by the Reagan administration. Schools began to rely on food from corporations who were competing for the attention of schoolchildren. Of course, there were those federal laws that schools had to comply with, but one way they got around the federal law was to offer unhealth y vending machine products. â€Å"Some districts even struck deals with McDonald’s, Chick-fil-A and other fast-food chains to sell versions of their commercial products directly to school kitchens† (Confessore). That was how Pizza Hut pizza ended up on school lunch trays across the country. Some corporations even drastically reduce the cost of their products for schools. It makes healthy food like fresh fruits and vegetables difficult to serve because they cost so much more than what the corporations provide for free. To compete, the USDA subsidizes school lunch programs. In the Journal of Public Policy Marketing Bree Dority, Mary McGarvey, and Patricia Kennedy explain that the USDA compensates those schools who serve lunches through the National School Lunch Program that meet the 1995 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (205). If a school relies too heavily on corporate sponsorship, they may not get the government money and the breakfast and lunches they serve to children will not be as healthy as those that do receive the government subsidy, but they may actually spend less on food per student. The cost is that those students have a greater risk of becoming overweight or obese and of being not as healthy as children who attend schools where the lunch program is governme nt supported. Most people do not even know that some schools opt for the corporate sponsorship over government sponsorship. Most parents do not look into whether or not their children are served lunches at their school subsidized by government or corporate money. Most probably assume that if there is a free or reduced-cost lunch program that it is through the government. If a person were to ask a group of parents what they thought about the different ways that school lunch programs are funded, those parents would not know that one of the ways is through allowing corporations to provide processed, high in calorie foods for lunches and junk foods in vending machines to schools. Some if not most of those people would say that it is wrong to give children junk food and they would probably find it especially wrong that junk food should be available in schools. Even parents who prepare a lunch at home for their children are having their efforts challenged by the presence of vending machines that offer junk food to children. The presumably healthy food that children bring from home can easily be tossed out and the child can fill up his/her stomach o the empty calorie food found in vending machines. Some people like Phebe Gibson and Lily Swartz are calling for updating the policies concerning junk food at the federal level. Not every school has them because states often oversee school policy and not all states show as great as concern over the health of their children as others. Eliminating junk foods from school cafeterias makes children healthier though. Gibson and Swartz explain that many people all over the country want to remove junk foods from schools. â€Å"A recent poll in California indicates  96% of voters  support serving healthier foods and beverages in schools, and a study conducted at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln found that banning junk food from a la carte lines would result in an18% reductionin overweight or obese students† (Gibson and Swartz). Not only will children be healthier if junk foods are removed from school cafeterias and vending machines, but the childhood obesity problem may be stopped. The argument against the federal government setting guidelines about the types of food that are served in school lunches comes from people who believe the government should not intervene in the lives of people to the extent that they tell them what to eat at school or otherwise. Some say that people should be free to eat what they want even if it is unhealthy. They say that it violates a person’s freedom when the government tells people what they can and cannot eat. Parents should be the ones who decide what their kids eat. Lindsey Tanner of the Huffington Post cites many obesity experts who worry that legislating what people eat may backfire especially where schools are particularly dependent upon food corporation dollars for survival (Tanner). Yet studies show that schools that do ban junk food have fewer overweight and obese students. The same people who want government out of their food are often the ones who say that the presence of junk food in school lunches and vending machines is not the cause of the obesity epidemic. Not every child who eats junk food will become obese. Even those children whose parents are obese may not become obese from eating junk food, even if it is more of a risk for them. The school lunch funding programs that exist help to fund other activities at schools that will help to prevent overweight and obese children such as after-school sports, dance and cheerleading. Linda Gorman also notes that when things like soda are banned, then products like fruit juice, which frequently has just as much sugar as soda, is allowed. Parents and students alike think they are getting healthier foods, but they are not. Gorman says that many feel that banning junk foods will not stop the obesity epidemic (Gorman). For those who believe this, education about the dangers of junk foods is a better policy. Another argument they use is the cost of food. Jan Christensen of CNN says that schools in the more expensive districts such as San Francisco spend, on average, $2.74 per child per lunch. To serve a child a healthy lunch, most experts agree that it costs about $5 per child per lunch (Christensen). Many parents cannot afford to spend that kind of money on their kids’ lunches and many legislators do not want to give that kind of money to schools. Without the corporate sponsorship, it costs too much to provide healthy food in schools. Unfortunately, companies do not give fresh fruits and vegetables to schools. Even if they did, critics of government involvement in school lunch programs point out that the fresh food does not have a long shelf life. Fresh fruits and vegetables become inedible in just a few days. When they go bad, they must be thrown out and that wastes money. The processed food that corporations provide never goes bad, or at least not for a very long time, so there is little waste. Perhaps the real problem is the cost of healthy food and the presence of junk food everywhere in the American culture. Perhaps the regulations should be placed on corporations advertising practices instead of banning them from schools. If kids and their parents saw more promotion of healthier foods, they may be more likely to buy and consume them. Children who eat healthy at home would not develop a taste for empty-calorie food. Then kids would go to school looking for healthy foods and not junk foods and schools would have the opposite problem on their hands: that of turning down sponsorship from companies who want to promote junk foods to children. Either way, school lunches are subsidized by government dollars, and if they are, those dollars should not be adding to the obesity problem that will cost more money down the road to battle. Even if it costs more to put healthy foods in school lunches and in vending machines in schools, it is the right thing to do for the health of child ren. Works Cited Christensen, Jan. Obama Admin Bans Junk Food In Schools. 29 September 2010. CNN. Web. 11 January 2015. http://www.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/09/29/school.food.investigation/>. Confessore, Nicholas. How School Lunch Became the Latest Political Battleground. 7 October 2014. New York Times. Web. 11 January 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/12/magazine/how-school-lunch-became-the-latest-political-battleground.html?_r=0>. Dority, Bree L., Mary G. McGarvey and Patricia F. Kennedy. Marketing Foods And Beverages In Schools: The Effect Of School Food Policy On Students’ Overweight Measures. Journal Of Public Policy Marketing 29.2 (2010): 204-218. PsycINFO. Web. 11 Jan. 2015. Gibson, Phebe and Lily Swartz. Setting a New Academic Standard: Getting Junk Food Out of Schools. 2015. Prevention Institue. Web. 11 January 2015. http://www.preventioninstitute.org/about-us/lp/851-setting-a-new-academic-standard-getting-junk-food-out-of-schools.html>. Gorman, Linda. Junk Food Availability in Schools Raises Obesity. 2015. The National Bureau of Economic Research. Web. 11 January 2015. http://www.nber.org/digest/sep05/w11177.html>. Tanner, Lindsay. Do Junk Food Laws Actually Work To Fight Kids Obesity? 13 August 2012. Huffington Post. Web. 11 January 2015. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/13/study-junk-food-laws-may-_n_1771352.html>.

Mans Relationship to the Land in John Steinbecks Grapes of Wrath Essa

     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Man's relationship to the land undergoes a transformation throughout John Steinbeck's Grapes of Wrath. Initially, back in Oklahoma, each family feels a strong attachment to the land because the ancestors of these farmers fought and cleared the Indians out of the land, made it suitable for farming, and worked year after year in the fields so that each generation would be provided for. Passing down the land to successive generations, the farmers come to realize that the land is all that they own. It is their family's source of sustenance. However, the strong bond between man and the land is broken when the bank comes to vacate the tenants during hard times.   The tractors hired by the bank literally tear down the bond between man and the land. Due to the eviction, the farmers are forced to move to California, where work is supposedly in demand. As each family takes off for California, it no longer feels a connection to the lands through which it is traveling. Once it reaches California, it feels no connection to its land. For the first time, it is forced to be dependent on somebody else's generosity in distributing jobs, and most importantly, somebody else's land. Thus, in California, the relationship between man and land is not as strong as it was in Arkansas and Oklahoma. The change in this relationship is due in part to the mercilessness of the bank, and in the end, man loses because its connection to the only significant thing it has ever owned is gone. Once the families travel to California, each family member's soul stays back in Oklahoma, making it difficult to adjust to working on lands that have not been cultivate d by their own family for generations.    The land of each generatio... ...job, but instead, little is offered, because of the numbers that they are coming in. Ultimately, one must conclude that no matter how poor a family may be, without land, all is lost in pursuit of a replacement of the heritage that has been destroyed by a superior power. Works Cited and Consulted: Conder, John J. "Steinbeck and Nature's Self: The Grapes of Wrath." John Steinbeck, Modern Critical Views. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. 125-140. French, Warren. John Steinbeck. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1975. Levant, Howard. "The Fully Matured Art: The Grapes of Wrath." John Steinbeck, Modern Critical Views. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. 35-62. Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. New York: Penguin Books, 1978. Wallsten, Robert and Steinbeck, Elaine. Steinbeck: A Life in Letters. New York: The Viking Press, 1975.

The Two-Fold Thought of Deleuze and Guattari: Intersections and Animati

The Two-Fold Thought of Deleuze and Guattari: Intersections and Animations    Charles J. Stivale, a scholar in French literary and cultural studies, tries to articulate Deleuze and Guattari's philosophical concepts with practical studies on culture, analyzing films, cyberspace, and Cajun dance.   Although he says that the goal of the book is to provide "an initial orientation" to Deleuze and Guattari's collaborative works, it is not a simple job at all for those innocent of Deleuzean concepts to follow the flow of his thought (ix).   He provides short explications of the concepts and quotations from Deleuze and Guattari's books before his application, but only the readers, who are familiar with Delezean concepts, seem to be able to articulate the whole idea.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As the title implies, Stivale considers Deleuze and Guattari's works as "expressing 'thought' that arises from two individual, fluctuating subjectivities"(xi).   He attempts to grasp and animate this two-foldedness, both sorting out two different voices of Deleuze and Guattari and presenting the intersection between them.   This two-fold thought, as Stivale stresses, should be understood not only as an overlap of two particular sensibilities and modes of knowing but also as "one of action and opening outward, of formulations, unheard-of juxtapositions of concepts, monstrous couplings," that is, rhizomatics of n-1 dimensions (24).   In his introductory chapter, he differentiates Deleuze as a philosopher from Guattari as a psychotherapist and political activist: first, he explicates Deleuze's passion of the concept, examining Deleuze's relation with Nietzsche and Foucault and several concepts including "body without organ," "image of thought," and "rhizome"; seco nd, h... ...o his attempt to bridge over the conceptual gap between the "local" and the "global" within cultural studies with Deleuze-Guattarian concepts.   His point-of-view of cultural studies, especially, is valuable in terms that he recognizes the danger within its becoming-discipline: "These geopolitical negotiations of 'forms and feelings' [in Cajun dance] are precisely the proper focus of a 'cultural studies' understood not in a limited, 'territorialized' sense of dueling disciplines between adjoining theoretical and conceptual articulations and strategies" (186-7).   If one can keep his/her own distance in reading this book, it will serve as a great source book for further research on cultural studies. Work Cited The Two-Fold Thought of Deleuze and Guattari: Intersections and Animations.   By Charles J. Stivale.   New York: The Guildford Press, 1998.   Pp. xxii, 361.