Consumers Perception Towards Online Shopping In Singapore Marketing Essay

Consumers Perception Towards Online Shopping In Singapore Marketing Essay During the few past years, the Internet has grown to new levels not even envisioned. The Internet changes the way people live, work and purchase. Demangeot Broderick (2007) state that Internet provides great advantages for the consumers, such as variety of products, services and prices from different suppliers Using Internet facilities, commercial organisations can develop new markets; and improve the competitiveness of the company (Eastlick et al., 2006). However, the Internet may also create threats to some organizations. The number of Internet users is increasing year by year. Figure 1 shows the growth of Internet users globally. The fast growth of e-shopping and the increasing number of e-retailers has created an extremely competitive market place(George, 2004). Competing issues create a need for managers to understand factors which influence people using Internet as a new purchasing media (Fraser et al., 2005). It is becomes essential for the companies to understand benefits and risks of online shopping in order to underline the benefits and minimize risks. Figure 1 Growth of Internet Users in the World Source: http://www.internetworldstats.com/emarketing.htm 1.2. Background of the Country Singapore is an industrial country, which has a highly developed market- based economy. Total Singapore population is 4,987,600 (Singstat, June 2009) from which 72.4 per cent has an access to Internet at home (Singapore Internet Statistics, 2010). Figure 2 illustrates the Internet users growth in Singapore, which is 180.8per cent for the nine years period from 2000. Figure 2 Internet Usage http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats3.htm#asia Based on research, conducted by IPSOS in 2007 (Figure 3), more than 60% of online users in Singapore use online shopping, which gives high potential for online trade market. Figure 3 Online shopping statistics Source: http://www.insightbureau.com/insight_reports/mc_insights/2008_Q3_OnlineShopAP.pdf 1.3 Objectives, research questions and research hypotheses This study is intended to understand the buying process and behaviour of online consumers. The basic objectives of the study are: To determine consumer behaviour in online environment To identify the main influencers in online buying process To identify peoples attitude towards benefits and risks of online shopping Based on objectives identified, the following questions are raised: What are the main factors that influence consumer purchasing decision online? Is there any differences between online and offline consumer? What consumer segments are more likely to shop online? Is there any connection between identified factors and consumer segment groups? Based on objectives and questions above, conceptualizing framework for this research has been developed. The important variables are clearly showed through logical reasoning in the framework. Based on this framework, the null and alternative hypotheses are developed as the followings: There is a difference as well as no difference in perception on benefits of Internet purchasing between online and offline consumers There is a difference as well as no difference in perceived risks towards Internet purchasing between online and offline consumers 1.4. Scope With the fast growth of Internet commerce it becomes very important for companies to study consumer behaviour (Jobber, 2001). If the influencing factors in the online buying and selling process can be identified, than it can be meaningful for the online companies to give much emphasis on these factors. The majority of companies want to increase the overall volume of the business because this can lead to significant reductions in costs and competitive advantages (Kotler, 2003). This research will pay attention to consumer behaviour in the online environment, providing theoretical information about online purchasing behaviour of the consumers. Additionally, the present study is an attempt to get insight into peoples perceptions towards online shopping in Singapore. This study will specify on the perception of Internet users towards benefits and risks associated with online shopping and how company can avoid customers concerns about online shopping. Chapter Two: Literature review 2.1 Introduction Currently, e-commerce is getting huge attention from a range of organisation and customers due to the fact of fast Internet development (Lee Lin, 2005). Online shopping, as a part of E-commerce, is becoming a tendency in Singapore (Rotem-Mindali et al., 2006). Online shopping has both advantages and disadvantages. Purchasing behaviour is determined by consumers view of benefits and risks of online shopping. This literature review intends to review of all the relevant factors. Firstly, the definition of e-commerce and its growth will be defined. Secondly, theories regarding consumer perception and behaviour will be reviewed. Finally, the main benefits and risks will be summarized. 2.2. Definition of E-commerce There are different definitions of what is e-commerce. E-commerce is a very broad term used to describe process where electronic connections make resources exchange be possible (Vrechopoulos et al., 2001). In context of the Internet, E-commerce is used as a general term. The definitions of e-commerce are focused on buying and selling using the Internet. According to Mark van Ketel and Tim D. Nelson (2009) electronic commerce (e-commerce), a subset of e-business, includes selling goods and services, as well as purchasing and exchanging over the Internet. Torkzadeh and Dhillion (2002) describe e-commerce as a purchase and sale over the Internet. This includes the process of finding a product, ordering and receiving as well as costs and benefits of a product or service. Generally, E-commerce can be broken into two main categories: Business to business (B2B) is where business makes online transactions with other businesses (Turban et al., 2003) Business to consumer (B2C) is where online transactions are made between a business and an individual consumer (Wareham, 2000). 2.2.1 The importance of E-commerce According to Carla et al. (2006) Internet is a powerful instrument to buy, sell and distribute goods and services worldwide in a fast growing supply chain. Internet provides potential market that has no or little restrictions, such as geography or time (Blackwell, 2000). E-commerce provides enormous opportunities for growth and development. Through the Internet people can communicate with each other over vast distances. It allows commercially moving business and people to a market in which everything that is for sale is advertised and everything that is wanted for purchase is requested somewhere (Kanttila, 2005). Over the years E-commerce changing the way business used to work. According to Wareham, E (2000) Expedia sells more than $ 14 million worth of hotels and airline reservations a day from its web-site Federal Express in Singapore began to save $10,000 a day by creating customer service department online (Kotler, 2003). The Internet provides businesses with the opportunity to sell their products to millions of people, 24 hours a day (Bellman, 2006). Buyers and sellers can thus contact each other with no or little cost. The development of e-commerce is often claimed to be reshaping almost all industries (Pawlyna, 1999). It influences the operation of organisations and peoples activities greatly and brings fundamental changes to the way that business is conducted. E-commerce can enhance organisations performance by tangible and significant operational efficiency (Mutz, 2005). 2.2.2 The growth of E-commerce and online shopping The B2C and Internet usage rates are making stable progress and rising constantly. Electronic retailing, the B2C segment of e-commerce, is set to grow exponentially in the next few years (Siyal et al., 2006). Total online retail revenue is increasing year after year and expecting to increase in the nearest future (Shu et al., 2006). The increase of B2C e-commerce cannot help but to impact peoples attitude to buy goods. Currently, one in ten Singapore adults can be categorized as frequent online purchasers (Shun, 2006). Presently around 72.4 per cent of Singapore households are web-connected (Singapore Internet Statistics 2010), also this position is expected to grow over the next decades (Singstat, 2009) In the early stage of growth, e-retailing, the B2C segment of e-commerce is set to grow exponentially in the next few years (Tan, 2007). However, online shopping still remains as yet a minority pursuit with purchases concentrated in a comparatively narrow range of categories such as clothing and software, music and travelling (Shun, 2006). 2.3. Segmentation of Online consumers Vrechopoulos et al. (2001) segmented e-shoppers based on demographic, behavioural and attitudinal characteristics. Figure 4 illustrates classification of different segments of online shopping. Brown et al. (2003) classify e-shoppers according to purchasing motivations for shopping, which illustrated in Figure 5. Figure 4 Vrechopoulos, Siomkos and Doudikiss Segmentation of e-shoppers Characteristic On-off shoppers Online shoppers Interested in online shopping Social and demographic variables Gender Mainly men Men and women Age 25-44 18-44 Education University and postgraduate studies University studies Level of income Above average Average or above Material status Single Married Job Scientists, professionals, working in the private sector Scientist, public and private sector employees Attitudinal variables Home shopping motivations Time saving, opening hours Time saving, opening hours, exclusivity Online shopping motivations Fast delivery, low prices, range of products and opening times Home delivery, low prices, range of products and opening times Preferred payment method Cash on delivery, credit cards Cash on delivery Willingness to pay more than through traditional channels No No Willingness to pay delivery costs Yes Yes Source: Adopted by an author from Vrechopoulos, A., Siomkos, G. Doudikis, G. (2001) Figure 5 Segmentation of online consumers according to purchase motivations Type of shopper Purchase motivations Personalised shopper Personal relationship with the seller. Service adapts to shoppers needs Recreational shopper Enjoys the act of shopping Economic shopper Achieve the nest quality-price relationship for the purchase Involved shopper Enjoys shopping and values personal relations Convenience shopper Values time and effort. Enjoy reduced prices Local shopper Loyal to a brand or shop in their local area Apathetic shopper Rejects the act of shopping. Values the convenience of Internet Source: adopted by an author from Brown, M., Pope, N., Voges, K., (2003) 2.4 Consumers behaviour theories 2.4.1 Consumers perception and consumer behaviour Pawlyna (1999) identified perception as an initiator of behaviour. Additionally, perception can be considered as a process of information extraction. Even in the same reality, different people tend to perceive differently. Its vital to understand, that peoples perceptions are more important than the reality in marketing (Kotler, 2000). The factors, which influence consumers purchasing behaviour online can be identified by understanding customer behaviour. In most studies perception identified as input, while behaviour as output, and treated as two separate phenomena. Rotem-Mindali (2006) suggested that perception and behaviour are two sides of the same phenomenon and are closely related to each other. Current study considered perception and behaviour as one integral part in order to understand customer perception and reasons which affect it. 2.4.2 Consumer decision process There are several models (see Appendix 1), which describes customer purchasing behaviour, though they all have similar attributes that should be considered as fundamental stages upon which the consumers behaviour is developed. Figure 6illustratesmain steps involved in consumer decision process. Figure 6 Consumer decision process model Source: Adopted by an author fromhttp://tutor2u.net/business/marketing/buying_decision_process.asp Predispositions (Before Purchase): This stage includes past experiences, customer own personality and self-concept, attitudes and opinions in general, as well as on specific products. Product Need: Buyuko et al. (2004) stated that buyer recognises a need which can be satisfied by a product or service, as a result of either cognitive activity or some environmental stimulus. It can be simplified that the need is often caused by internal or external stimuli. Information Search: The search may arise on an internal and external basis (Goh, 1999). According to Donald (1974) this stage includes all searches of the internal and external environments for the alternative solutions as well as for information which can help in evaluating of those alternatives. The search for the information usually includes previous experiences and should be relevant to the present purchase situation. Evaluation of Alternatives: This stage involves comparison of alternatives from physical and cognitive activities. Consumers compare various brands by taking in consideration several attributes (Kotler, 2000). Attributes used for the evaluation of alternatives by consumers are also known as choice criteria. Figure 7shows a summary of these choice criteria. Additionally, differentiation and number of alternatives, time pressure as well as level of involvement will reflect the extent of problem solving. As shown in Figure 8the extent to which customer involved in decision making process influence each stage of customer decision making process. Figure7Choice criteria used for the evaluation of alternatives by consumers Source: Adopted by an author from Bellman, S., Johnson, E. J., Lohse, G. L., Mandel, N. (2006).   Figure 8 Purchase Involvement and Stages of consumer decision making process Source: http://www.slideshare.net/roymogg/marketing-focus-on-the-customer-presentation Purchase Activity: This stage consist of customer involvement in making an actual financial decision as well as direct physical activities involved in decision making process about making purchase or not. Also this stage includes the actual transaction. However, customer decision can be postponed, modified, or avoided due to influence of perceived risk involved in purchase decision (Kotler,2000). Therefore, it is essential for marketers to recognize and understand factors that might provoke perceived risk and find out solutions to minimize that (Bellman et al., 2006). Post Purchase Behaviour: According to Kotler (2000) the current stage primarily concerned with product or service purchased by the customer. This level requires customers experience of satisfaction or dissatisfaction about purchased product or service, which further will influence subsequent behaviour of consumer. According to Fox all et al (1998) satisfaction or dissatisfaction created by product or service will make major impact on future purchase decisions. Predispositions (After Purchase and Use): After the process of purchasing the buyer (or non- buyer) should be left with cognitive content (Gunasekaran et al., 2004), which can be differ from that which present at the early stages. Consumers attitude, information and experience may be changed due to factors of time and events (Hawkins, 1989). All of the above can influence the future purchase decision of the same type. 2.4.3. Consumer behaviour in Online Environment When consumers shop online, they perform a similar sequence of tasks to offline shoppers (Mowen et al., 2003). Besides, online environment provides more information regarding each alternatives, also online environment is more flexible and time saving. Internet has significant impact on each stage of traditional decision making process. Final customer decision depends on several factors, which are illustrated in Figure 9. Figure 9 Main factors that influence customer purchasing decision Source: Adopted by an author from Buyuko Zumi; Kan, Gulcin (2004) Figure 9 presented factors, which lead to the decision process, which is described below. Problem recognition: Feeling the need or recognize the problem is the starting point. The Internet can generate the need or problem by itself and also can encourage customers to start the information search process (Breitenbach and van Doren, 1998). Information Search: Internet is one of the powerful sources of information, it has great advantages to store and process the information (Buyuko Zumi, 2004), and due to the above Internet has a deep impact on the Information Search stage. According to Wareham (2000) Internet provides wide access to information base for the consumers. Comparing to the traditional environment Web is less costly and require less time for information search (Turban  et al., 2002). One of the important differences between online and offline environment is the costs for the characteristics and attributes for which information can be obtained, are usually lower in online atmosphere (Kanttila, 2005). Still, the Internet has far less impact for the products that are perceived as low risk and that are bought frequently (Mutz, 2005). Additionally, the Internet is much less effective for value expressive products than for functional products, which attributes can be easily compared online (Rayport et al., 2003). Product Evaluation: This stage requires customers to make final value judgment through evaluating different information. The main benefit of online shops is their ability to store large amount of content at a relatively low cost (Rotem-Mindali et al., 2006). Thus, this can be turned to advantage when customers evaluating the product. On another hand, Internet provides lack of tangibility, which leads to difficulties in evaluating products. Purchase Activity: Current stage involves issues regarding transactions, which include the following steps: Agree contractually on purchase Pay for the purchase Wait for the delivery Receive physical delivery This stage can be influenced by different consumer-related factors, such as price, trustworthiness, availability or diversity of choices. According to Jobber (2001) this stage is also influenced by customer involvement, which is shown in Figure 6. Thus, customer will carry out very extensive evaluation when the purchase is very involving. On the contrary, purchases with low involvement will lead to simple evaluation and quick decision making (Schiffman, 2004). Post Purchase Activities: This stage is concerned with the satisfaction or dissatisfaction after purchase is made (Solomon et al., 2002). Internet provides good potential for customer satisfaction, as well as help to retain them. Web site can provide free customer support services, which will encourage repeat visits. Additionally, value-added services or feedback can be provided to the customers in order to retain existing customers and attract new (Siyal et al., 2006). 2.5. Benefits of the online shopping As discussed previously, there are a lot of factors that affect consumers purchasing process. Those factors reflect both, advantages as well as disadvantages of Internet as a shopping medium. The advantages or benefits of online shopping considered by customers described as the followings. 2.5.1 Convenience The customers expect online shopping to be easier and more convenient than as compare to traditional (Shun, 2006). Convenience is appearing very obvious at the stage of information search. According to Kotler (2003) The Internet is an almost perfect market due to the fact that information provided immediately and buyers can make a comparison of offers globally. As a result, consumers require minimal effort and time in order to compare and contrast competitive products. 2.5.2. Time saving According to Rayport et al. (2003) those who buy clothing on Web most often appreciate time saving. The process of locating merchants, finding items and procure offerings is easier in online environment (Maruca, 1999), which means online shopping can economize on time. Consumers do not require leaving their houses and spent time for travelling in order to make merchandise. Additionally, online environment allows browsing for needed items by size, category or price. Browsing and time benefits of online shopping represent the positive perception of e-satisfaction (Lichtenthal, 2004). 2.5.3. Product related benefits Comparing with a conventional retailer, e-retailer is able to offer a more wider range of products, because e-retailer do not have physical restrictions in terms of the amount and cost of floor space which is needed to display goods (Kanttila, 2005). Furthermore, it is less costly and easier for e-retailer to form alliances with other supplier, which brings more extensive inventories. 2.5.4. Lower price Internet enhances customer knowledge about pricing. In online environment customers are able to visit sites of competitors and compare the prices; moreover intermediaries provide price comparisons, which make process of evaluation more convenient and time saving (Gunasekaran et al., 2004). This transparency of price increases the competition between e-retailers and drives the price down. Furthermore the cost for performing online business is lower than for offline (e.g. minimal staffing cost, no retail space costs), this also lead to lower prices (Brown et al., 2003). However, some researches show those consumers are ready to pay for the online products same as for offline in exchange for the convenience (Rayport et al., 2003). 2.6. Perceived risks of online shopping Perceived risk can be defined as the uncertainty which arise when customer cannot predict the consequences of purchase decision (Farley et al., 1973). The level of risk can vary depending on individuals, personality, situation and product. However, perceived risk can be reduced to some acceptable level in any purchase situation. 2.6.1. Risk of privacy Privacy may mean diverse things to different people. Generally privacy refers to a moral right of individuals to avoid interruption interruptions into their personal life and affairs by third parties (Rotem-Mindali et al., 2006). Privacy is the main factor which stops many consumers from online shopping. Most of the time individuals get afraid that their private information can be sold, used, shared or discovered in an incorrect manner. According to Kanttila (2005)  fears and concerns of online purchasing reduce online purchasing decisions. 2.6.2. Security risk Security risks are often related to privacy issues. Security, especially online payment security is one of the main concerns for the consumers in e-shopping (Shun, 2006). Even the Internet and advanced technology improving fast, there are still high proportion of online users who are very cautious about making online purchase due to the concerns over credit and debit card security. Majority of customers have concerns whether the company is legal and private information will be not distributed to third parties, due to high percentage of hackers operating online (Siyal et al., 2006). 2.6.3. Lack of inspection before purchase Absence of direct sensory cues is another perceived risk, which is often mentioned both by marketers and customers. According to Schiffman Kanuk (2004 the fact that consumers are unable to touch products offered online is considered as significant drawback. This fact leads to more uncertainties regarding online shopping, because consumers have doubts about quality of the purchased product. This is also the reason why a lot of products which require high involvement are seldom purchased online (Rayport et al., 2003). 2.6.4. Risk of delivery Another drawback of online purchase is time between the purchase was made and time it received. When purchasing online, consumers cannot obtain the purchased product directly after transaction (Mutz, 2005). After the transaction was made the product will reach customer via home/office delivery sometime later. Therefore the reliability of delivery is another concerning issue. Additional problem which involved in delivery process is speed. One more issue to consider about home delivery is the presence of customer at home (Lichtenthal, 2004). Sometimes time of the delivery can be uncertain, and such situation can also lead to uncertainty. 2.6.5. Risk of returning Product returns are essential for the customers convenience and satisfaction. Majority of researches shows that the rate of online returns are low, however it is only due to the fact that customers find the process of returning is too complex (Constantinides, 2004). Such disgruntled customers are unlikely to continue online shopping in future (Case, 2002). Another issue in returning goods is that money usually are paid through credit or debit card, and here arise another problem of returning money back on the customer account, which depend not on e-company, but on the bank through which purchase was done. 2.7. Summary It is unarguable that the Internet has become an important part of peoples lives, enabling the fast growth of e-commerce. Currently, e-commerce is making improvements in customers satisfaction and tries to involve more people in online business environment (Chen Dubinsky, 2003). Consumer perception is the creator of customer performance, at the same time customer actions are the output of consumer perception (Citrin et al., 2000). It is useful to understand factors which influence buyers perception and purchasing behaviour. The adaptation of Internet creates a great impact on purchasing behaviour by providing more information, facilitating evaluation and decision making, and after-sales feedback. Additionally, online shopping includes different benefits and risks related to factors influencing consumer purchasing behaviour. The main benefits of online shopping are: Convenience Time saving Great product choice Product customization Lower prices The most common perceived risks of online shopping are: Privacy risks Security risks Lack of inspection Delivery issues Inconvenience of returning References Anonymous (2009) Asia Internet Usage and population [online] Available at http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats3.htm#asia [accessed 4 July 2010] Anonymous (NY) Buyer Behaviour decision-making process[online] Available at http://tutor2u.net/business/marketing/buying_decision_process.asp [accessed 4 July 2010] Anonymous (2009) Focus on customers to increase sales marketing tips[online] Available at http://www.slideshare.net/roymogg/marketing-focus-on-the-customer-presentation [accessed 3 July 2010] Ajzen, Icek Fishbein, Martin (1980) Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior. Prentice Hall; Facsimile edition, pp. 63-245 Andreasen, A. 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Minority Voter Intimidation and Suppression in America Today Essay

Summary of Paper The Government of the United States is one which exists on the belief that all citizens of the country should have an equal say in the function of the government. In essence, this means all eligible citizens are guaranteed the right to vote and that, according to legislation passed decades ago, it is a crime to hinder ones right to vote. Despite this fundamental property of our democracy, several groups of people have, it seems, been marginalized and intimidated in such a way that their right to vote, as well as their effectiveness in elections, has been diminished. Stemming from conflicts during and following the Civil War, minority voters have consistently had to overcome immense obstacles to exercise the fundamental right, which was assured to them in the Constitution of the United States. Beginning with the use of incredibly violent and straight-foreword means, the suppression of the minority vote has morphed into something that is difficult to combat. Over time, as legislation has been introduced in an attempt to eliminate the intimidation of minorities, the methods utilized to intimidate have been forced to adapt and become stealthier. After the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the federal government was able to enforce keep discriminatory voting practices from going into effect in many states. Still then, the violations continued and the methods for suppressing minority voters only changed. Even today, certain groups are utilizing tactics such as voter legislation and voter marginalization to make minorities feel as if their votes do not count or that it is too difficult to cast a vote. Things such as voter identification laws, misleading informational campaigns, and intimidation are all tactics that have been utilized in the most recent American elections. In order to stop the spread of these tactics and ensure minority voters are guaranteed the rights of every other citizen, action must be taken in a variety of ways. Suppression of the Minority Vote The Government of the United States is one which exists on the belief that all citizens of the country should have an equal say in the function of the government. In essence, this means all eligible citizens are guaranteed the right to vote and that, according to legislation passed decades ago, it is a crime to hinder ones right to vote. Despite this fundamental property ... ...r the ongoing problem. The only real long-term solution proposed would establish some sort of commission for voting equality, which would oversee all elections and electoral legislation, though such a commission would certainly be nearly impossible. Works Cited American Civil Liberties Union, â€Å"Reaffirmation or Requiem for the Voting Rights Act?† CBS News. N.p., 29 Oct. 2012. Web. 6 Dec. 2014. . Election Protection. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2014. . "G.O.P. to Expand 'Ballot Security' It Used in Jersey." New York Times. N.p., 9 Nov. 1981. Web. 6 Dec. 2014. . "Voter Fraud and Voter Intimidation." United States Commission on Civil Rights. N.p., 13 Oct. 2006. Web. 6 Dec. 2014. . "Voter Intimidation and Suppression in America Today." People for the American Way. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2014. . Minority Voter Intimidation and Suppression in America Today Essay Summary of Paper The Government of the United States is one which exists on the belief that all citizens of the country should have an equal say in the function of the government. In essence, this means all eligible citizens are guaranteed the right to vote and that, according to legislation passed decades ago, it is a crime to hinder ones right to vote. Despite this fundamental property of our democracy, several groups of people have, it seems, been marginalized and intimidated in such a way that their right to vote, as well as their effectiveness in elections, has been diminished. Stemming from conflicts during and following the Civil War, minority voters have consistently had to overcome immense obstacles to exercise the fundamental right, which was assured to them in the Constitution of the United States. Beginning with the use of incredibly violent and straight-foreword means, the suppression of the minority vote has morphed into something that is difficult to combat. Over time, as legislation has been introduced in an attempt to eliminate the intimidation of minorities, the methods utilized to intimidate have been forced to adapt and become stealthier. After the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the federal government was able to enforce keep discriminatory voting practices from going into effect in many states. Still then, the violations continued and the methods for suppressing minority voters only changed. Even today, certain groups are utilizing tactics such as voter legislation and voter marginalization to make minorities feel as if their votes do not count or that it is too difficult to cast a vote. Things such as voter identification laws, misleading informational campaigns, and intimidation are all tactics that have been utilized in the most recent American elections. In order to stop the spread of these tactics and ensure minority voters are guaranteed the rights of every other citizen, action must be taken in a variety of ways. Suppression of the Minority Vote The Government of the United States is one which exists on the belief that all citizens of the country should have an equal say in the function of the government. In essence, this means all eligible citizens are guaranteed the right to vote and that, according to legislation passed decades ago, it is a crime to hinder ones right to vote. Despite this fundamental property ... ...r the ongoing problem. The only real long-term solution proposed would establish some sort of commission for voting equality, which would oversee all elections and electoral legislation, though such a commission would certainly be nearly impossible. Works Cited American Civil Liberties Union, â€Å"Reaffirmation or Requiem for the Voting Rights Act?† CBS News. N.p., 29 Oct. 2012. Web. 6 Dec. 2014. . Election Protection. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2014. . "G.O.P. to Expand 'Ballot Security' It Used in Jersey." New York Times. N.p., 9 Nov. 1981. Web. 6 Dec. 2014. . "Voter Fraud and Voter Intimidation." United States Commission on Civil Rights. N.p., 13 Oct. 2006. Web. 6 Dec. 2014. . "Voter Intimidation and Suppression in America Today." People for the American Way. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2014. .

Benefits and Effectiveness of Accounting Essay

The research was based on two variables these are computerized accounting systems which comprise of definitions, components of computerized accounting software and benefits and limitation of computerized system and financial reporting which also comprises of definitions of financial reports, benefits and effectiveness of accounting system used at National Water and Sewerage Corporation. The study will enable management to understand the significance of preparing quality and reliable financial reports. The study will point out weakness in the accounting system which management needs to address. The Government of Malaysia through the Department of Accountant General (MDAG) has instructed MARA to implement the Standard Accounting System for Government Agencies (SAGA). This is a total Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System, developed based on web-based application and is using an accrual basis of accounting. The SAGA financial system enables its users, particularly the government agencies to close their accounts on a daily basis, monitor their daily financial activities as well as produce standardized financial reports to the stakeholders at any place and any time. However, upon completion of the SAGA financial system analysis, MARA identifies that the system could not cater all MARA business activities. Processes such as disbursement of scholarship and loans to students and entrepreneurs are not covered by the system. As such, MARA still has to maintain its existing databases and therefore made special request to the MDAG to exclude the implementation of SAGA while awaiting MARA ICT consultant’s recommendations on the development of a new MARA Total Information and Financial System. As a conclusion, the SAGA financial systems could not be used by MARA on its own. The end-users in MARA need to operate both, SAGA and its own systems at the same time. This situation could lead to users’ confusion if they are to use different type of system when updating certain type of financial transaction. This is because the end-user of MARA Computerized Accounting System could only utilized the SAGA Financial System just for ordinary operating expenditures whilst any disbursement of expenditure pertaining to subsidiary system, they still need to use the existing MARA Financial Systems. Consequently, internal controls and security functions may not be easily built in the systems. Concurrent use of both systems may affect job satisfaction and performance of the end-users. Introducing Computerized Accounting Information Systems in a Developing Nation: Egyptian International Motors This study aims to assess the implementation of accounting information system on a company in a developing nation. To answer this question this manuscript attempts to do the following: (1) identify the reasons for the shift to an automated system and the main goals that the company aim to achieve form this shift, (2) determine the company’s strategic decisions like choices between outsourcing versus in-house development, and ready made packages versus tailor made software, (3) describe the steps of implementation, (4) understand the reaction of the employees to the new automated system, (5) study the required changes on the organizational chart and human resources qualifications that are required, (6) recognize the problems that the company met during the process, (6) point the advantages of the shift to the automated system. A computerized accounting System provides many advantages over manual systems, for example entries do not have to be recorded in multiple ledgers so as to fulfill the cardinal rules of financial reporting.A single entry is made and the system will populate all the appropriate corresponding accounts automatically. Computerized accounting also makes it possible for people in other departments,not just accounting to enter data.It does not require avast amount of accounting knowledge for a payroll clerk to enter wages details into the accounts,a basic understanding of how to use the system is sufficient The study intends to find out the effect of a computerized accounting system on the quality of financial reports generated by an organization. To examine the effect of computerize accounting systems quality financial reporting. To determine the challenges encountere by organizations before and after implementing a computerized accounting system. To identify strategies/measures of ensuring quality financial reporting. An accounting system is part of the organisation’s management information system therefore a good or decent accounting system must be able to produce reports like trial balance, aged debtors and aged creditors. Accounting systems must provide data that should enable the production of management accounts, statutory accounts and must also assist the managers and accountants in discharging their stewardship roles. Production Of Accounts A good system should enable the firm to produce its management reports and management accounts at short notice. This will enable the organisation to monitor performance, to take decisions quickly and to make decision based on objective and verifiable information. Audit Trail Audit trail is very important as it will enable auditors and senior managers to monitor transactions entered in the accounting system and this will ensure that there is information integrity. A good system should document the changes that have been made in the system, who made the changes and it should also be able to track what was changed. Compatibility With Other Programmes A strong characteristic of a good accounting system is that it must be compatible with other systems. For example, it should easily be configurable so that it can communicate with other programmes like Excel or Crystal. An accounting system should be able to export transactions and reports into Excel and it should allow data and transactions to be imported from an external source. This will lead to time savings as there will be no need to duplicate a role or process. Error Detection If an accounting system does not dictate errors then it is not a good accounting package as it is failing to perform a basic functionality. An accounting package should decline to post transactions that do not balance for example the total debits should equal the total credits and if this is not the case, then the accounting system should automatically flag this error. Internal Controls Internal controls are the eyes and ears of the organisation and a good accounting system should embed these internal controls into the system. Internal controls enable prevention and detection of fraud and error. An accounting system should enable internal control tools like segregation of duties, reconciliations and account allocations. A good accounting system should not allow users to delete data that has been posted into the system. Manual Vs Computerized Accounting Computerized accounting systems provide more benefits than manual ones, allowing for more accurate calculations, in less time. Compared to manual accounting, with a computerized system errors are far less common, eliminating human error. And with accounting programs that are industry-specific, you can benefit from various preset templates for your general ledger, saving more time. You can store virtually endless information, without any trouble at all. And if you later want to review financial information from several years ago, with a computerized accounting system you can do it easily, while with a manual one you would have to sort through stacks of paper ledgers. Bottom line, both systems may be useful to some extent. But for more accurate bookkeeping and increased efficiency, a computerized accounting system seems to have more advantages. You can find several free versions online, as well as more proficient accounting software available for purchase. Search online for such accounting systems, read about their features and decide which one would be better for your particular business needs. Although they will not allow you to physically handle the ledgers, it will provide a better accounting solution. The advantages of Computerized Accounting seem to be unknown by business owners and individuals who are in doubt of purchasing Accounting Software. Accounting Software has been a trend nowadays. With the vast Computerized System Providers and wide range of versions to choose from, Accounting System has evolved to be one of the trends in information technology. Computerized Systems are designed to create more value in Financial Accounting. Value can be relayed in terms of speed, accuracy and reliability of accounting data. With Computerized System, invoices can be transmitted in an instant through email; inventories are appropriately monitored; and disbursements are tracked for payments to be done before due dates. It helps Bookkeepers to reduce manual activities. When transactions are entered in the Accounting System, automatic entries are posted to generate data needed for financial reporting. Accounting Software enables Bookkeepers and Accountants to adjust necessary accounts to reflect the correct amount of each Account. Computerized Accounting allows Accountants to trace erroneous data and entry in a creative and organized manner through the help of summaries, list of accounts and original entries. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Jason_Tsang Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/7017983 Computers are extensively used in accounting and there are multitude of computer software for Accounting, MIS, CRM. HiTech Financial Accounting is one such software which has been customized for users in many segments in business and services. Payroll accounting was the first commercial area to become widely computerized. The calculation of wages or salaries involves a number of variables which relate to the personal details of each employee, such as gross pay or rate for the job, individual deductions, tax liabilities of the employees and so on. These facts can be retained in the computers and processed every month of produce pay slips for the employees. The computer helps to exercise the type of stock control needed by the organization. It up to dates the sales and purchases records, determines optimum re-order levels for different items and prints out the stock lists when desired. The system can be so designed that it triggers orders when stock level reaches order point for variou s material items; tests those item which are slow moving or gives list for over stock items. Programming can be done for any sales accounting system. The computer will pin point defaulting debtors, determine the right limit for credit for each debtor and maintain stores ledger. Costing and budgetary control can be affected through the computer, the computer will point out the variations from the planned performance.The computer also helps greatly in production planning and control. It is possible that scheduling of the work may become necessary due to break downs etc. A new critical path may have to be worked out. A critical path is the shortest path to be followed in production to achieve production objectives. The computer helps the management lay down this new critical path. The increasing competition and the highly demands of globalization, Malaysia government attempt for Small Medium Enterprise, SME for the development of innovative, competitive with high technology. Computerized accounting system (CAS) adoption may be decisive factor for an organization to be success and also to survive. This research project which aimed to investigate SME practice of CAS and to identify the factor affecting the adoption among SMEs in Melaka. A survey was carried out through a set of questionnaires to examine the CEO Innovativeness Factors Scale, Perceive Usefulness Factors Scale, Perceive Ease of Use Factors Scale and Business Competitiveness. The sample selected comprised of CEOs of SMEs in three districts in Melaka, namely Melaka Tengah, Alor Gajah and Jasin. The data gathered were coded and analyzed using descriptive statistics, linear regression analysis, Pearson Correlation analysis and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).This study reveals that CAS adoption rate in SMEs in Melaka is high. Results from the analysis also shown the significant of independent variables and proved the relationships have been substantiated to the dependent variable which contribute to the usage of CAS adoption between SMEs in Melaka. The findings indicate that CEO innovativeness; perceive ease of use and business competitiveness negatively correlated to the adoption of CAS. Results reveals that only perceive usefulness are significantly positive correlated to CAS adoption. Therefore it can be deduced that adoption of CAS among SMEs in Melaka is caused by its usefulness. The findings reveal that types of business and business location influence the adoption of CAS. However, size (paid up capital, sales turnover and number of employee) do not influence the adopter. Results also indicate that CEO literacy on ICT, accounting and CAS has influence the responded CEO to adopt CAS in their business. However, the advantages by using the accounting systems software were not fully utilized by CAS adopters. http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijbm/article/view/18273

Glass Ceiling An Invisible Barrier to Success

Glass ceiling means an invisible upper limit in corporations and other organizations, above which it is difficult or impossible for women to rise in the ranks.  Glass ceiling is a metaphor for the hard-to-see informal barriers that keep women from getting promotions, pay raises, and further opportunities.  The glass ceiling metaphor has also been used to describe the limits and barriers experienced by minority racial groups. It is glass because its not usually a visible barrier, and a woman may not be aware of its existence until she hits the barrier. In other words, its not an explicit practice of discriminating against women  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  though specific policies, practices, and attitudes may exist that produce this barrier without the intention to discriminate.   The term was invented to apply to major economic organizations, like corporations, but later began to be applied to invisible limits above which women had not risen in other fields, especially electoral politics. The U.S. Department of Labors 1991 definition of the glass ceiling is those artificial barriers based on attitudinal or organizational bias that prevent qualified individuals from advancing upward in their organization into management-level positions. Glass ceilings exist even in organizations with explicit policies around equality of advancement when there is implicit bias at work or even behavior within the organization that ignores or undermines the explicit policy. Origin of the Phrase The term glass ceiling was popularized in the 1980s. The term was used in a 1984 book  The Working Woman Report by Gay Bryant.  Later, it was used in a 1986  Wall Street Journal  article on barriers to women in high corporate positions. The Oxford English Dictionary notes that the first use of the term was in 1984, in  Adweek:  Women have reached a certain point  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  I call it the glass ceiling. Theyre in the top of middle management and theyre stopping and getting stuck. A related term is a pink-collar ghetto, referring to jobs to which women are often relegated. Arguments That Theres No Glass Ceiling Womens liberation, feminism, and civil rights legislation already provide for womens equality.Womens job choices keep them off of the executive track.Women dont have the right educational preparation for senior executive jobs (e.g. an MBA).Women who do make job choices that put them on the executive track and do have the right educational preparation have not been in the corporation long enough to build up experience  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  and this will automatically correct itself with time.   Has There Been Progress? The conservative feminist organization Independent Womens Forum points out that in 1973, 11% of corporate boards had one or more women members and in 1998, 72% of corporate boards had one or more women members. On the other hand, the Glass Ceiling Commission (created by Congress in 1991 as a 20-member bipartisan commission) looked at Fortune 1000 and Fortune 500 companies in 1995 and found that only 5% of the senior management positions were held by women. Elizabeth Dole  once said,  My objective as Secretary of Labor is to look through the glass ceiling to see who is on the other side, and to serve as a catalyst for change. In 1999, Carleton (Carly) Fiorina, was named CEO of a Fortune 500 company (Hewlett-Packard) and she declared that women now faced no limits whatsoever. There is not a glass ceiling. The number of women in senior executive positions still lags considerably behind the number of men. A 2008 survey from Reuters showed that 95% of American workers believe that women have made important advances in the workplace over the last 10 years but 86% believe that the glass ceiling has not been broken, even if it has been cracked. Political Glass Ceilings In politics, this phrase was first used in 1984 when Geraldine Ferraro was nominated as a vice-presidential candidate (with Walter Mondale as presidential nominee). She was  the first woman nominated for that spot by a major U.S. party. When Hillary Clinton gave her concession speech after narrowly losing the primaries to Barack Obama in 2008, she said, Although we weren’t able to shatter that highest, hardest glass ceiling this time, thanks to you, it’s got about 18 million cracks in it.  The term became quite popular again after Clinton won the California primary in 2016 and then when she was officially nominated for president, the first woman in that position with a major political party in the United States. Sources A Report on the glass ceiling initiative. United States. Dept. of Labor, 1991.Elizabeth Hanford Dole. National Women’s Hall of Fame, 2019.Glass Ceiling. Merriam-Webster, 2019.Keneally, Meghan. Hillary Clintons Progress Trying to Shatter That Highest, Hardest Glass Ceiling. ABC News, November 9, 2016.Newsweek Staff. In a League of Her Own. Newsweek, August 1, 1999.

House of Lannister Essay - 6353 Words

Development Antijuanne Smith Abstract The study of human growth and development has included many theories over the years. From the well known theories such as cognitive development theory to the lesser known theories such as the systems theory, they all have their strong points in some areas but lack in others. Psychosocial development theory attempts to include the biological, behavioral and social aspects of human development so as not to leave any areas out of consideration. The psychosocial theory is very useful when applied generally to the various stages of development, but the psychosocial theory is even more useful when supplemented with other theories of development that divulge into specificity. PS 121 Core Assessment†¦show more content†¦Following the analysis is an appendix with details of each interview and observation if a more in depth, cross reference is desired. The appendix contains further human development interpretation of each interview and observation. In order to reduce length and redundancy, additional interpretations are omitted in the analysis section but may be found in the appendix. Analysis The stage of toddlerhood is a very interesting stage of development. The terrible twos is a common saying for children at this age who are making the transition from infant to toddler. When viewed objectively, toddlerhood is the exact opposite of terrible. Toddlerhood, in fact, is rather interesting. Many of the things that make us individuals take shape in the toddlerhood. Learning to use the bathroom, language, and motor skill development are just a few of the tasks that toddlers learn in this stage. The psychosocial theory provides solid explanation of toddlerhood. One of the aspects that Newman and Newman write and theorize about in toddlerhood is the concept of imitation as the central process in which toddlers engage (2012, p. 226). Being the central process, it must be argued that imitation is absolutely crucial during this stage of development. Imitation can be both verbal and physical, such as repeating what is said and mimicking the dancing moves they see (Newman amp; Newman, 2012, p. 226). Throughout childhood the role ofShow MoreRelatedGame of Thrones Essay912 Words   |  4 Pagesagainst the ruling Targaryen dynasty. The civil war ended when Prince Rhaegar was killed in battle by Robert Baratheon. The wealthiest family around The Lannisters finally agreed to support King Aerys, but then turned against him, by capturing the capital at Kings Landing. Jaime Lannister of the Kingsguard betrayed and murdered King Aerys and House Lannister swore loyalty to Robert Baratheon. The Tyrell and remaining royalists surrendered and Robert Baratheon was declared King of the Seven Kingdoms. UnfortunatelyRead MoreEssay About A Short Story1106 Words   |  5 Pagesannounced to the group. â€Å"What for?† Jon inquired as he sipped on his wine, â€Å"Not that I’m against celebrating.† Rhaegar chuckled at his friend before his indigo eyes directed towards the Tyrell woman, â€Å"Lady Alayna is due to be betrothed to Jaime Lannister.† The news hit her like a tourney lance causing her to nearly choke on the bite she’d just taken. All eyes snapped to her, all of her friends just as surprised as she was. None of them had expected this. They were all looking at her expectantlyRead MoreA Game Of Thrones Based Off The Very Popular George R.r1252 Words   |  6 Pagesthe previous â€Å"Hand† and dear friend to both Lord Stark and the King Robert was assassinated, Lord Stark accepts the offer only to investigate the former Hand s assassination further. Meanwhile the Queen s family, the Lannister’s, the wealthiest house in the realm may be hatching a plot to take power of the Seven Kingdoms. 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His family also contains German, English, and French ancestry. His family first Lived in a house on Broadway ,belonging to Martin s great-grandmother . He is best known for ‘A Song of Ice and Fire’ and his series of epic fantasy novel The Game of Thrones. Martin also served as the series co-executive producer. In distinguishing his work fromRead MoreEssay On The Story Of A Story1210 Words   |  5 Pagesher captors distracted, Alayna took her cue to flee. But when Jeyne cried out in fear, her voice rising above everything else, Alayna knew she had to help save the others before she could save herself. Crouching low to avoid detection, the lady from House Tyrell crept over towards Jeyne and her septa, freeing the m with a free quick slashes. â€Å"Thank you, Lady Alayna.† Jeyne latched onto the older woman, her arms wrapping around Alayna’s waist in gratitude. 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Frequently, she feigns innocence, saying â€Å"I am only a young girl† as if to disarm her enemies and further humiliate them with her quips or actions. And she is not fearless, but she is brave. When forced to face endless futures and fears in the House of the Undying, she stands alone and rarely wavers. She remains staunchly loyal to those who prove themselves. The loss of her first child (as well as the Khal and even Viserys) and her inability to have another true born child deeply affect Dany

Essay about the human brain - 537 Words

In this paper one will learn the different parts of the brain and their functions. Although the brain isn’t the largest organ of the human body it is the most complex and controlling organ. It is amazing how complicated the brain is. The brain controls every action within and out of your body. The brain has main areas that contain different areas that have specific functions. For instance the basal ganglia holds the lentiform and the caudate. The brain isn’t just â€Å"THE BRAIN† it is actually a group of many parts. They help to inform the brain on the things going on with the human body. The brain is split in to two main parts, the left and the right hemisphere. The left hemisphere has about the same areas as the right hemisphere. The only†¦show more content†¦The corpus callosum is a bundle of nerves that connects the two hemispheres. The area that passes and processes information concerning touch, pain, temperature, and pressure on skin is the thalamus. The limbic system controls your behavior and emotions. It is involved in emotions such as fear, rage, pleasure, and sorrow. In the prefrontal area of the frontal lobe emotional traits are controlled. In the temporal lobe expressed behavior is controlled. The parietal lobe discriminates sensory. The occipital lobe is where visual interpretation takes place. Pons is a crossroad for nerves going up to the cortex, to the cerebellum and then down the spinal cord. The cortex is the outer gray area where thinking takes place. The olfactory cortex receives senses from the nose that it then sorts out. The area that identifies what we see by working out movements, colors, and shapes is the visual cortex. The area that receives taste senses is called gustatory cortex. The area responsible for analyzing data, performing memory functions, learning new information, forming thoughts, and making decisions is the cerebral cortex. The motor cortex is involved in muscle movement. The cerebellum is vital when carrying out complicated, skilled movements. It is much like a mini brain. If before you read this paper you thought the brain was a â€Å"one man machine† I’m sure your opinion has changed after reading his paper. It is amazing how god has created the brain to have so many areasShow MoreRelatedHuman Brain And Human Brains1477 Words   |  6 PagesWe, the human species are unique. This is a phrase we all have heard at some point in our lives. We are unique compared to other animals in our language, movements, and emotions. We have our own language which the majority of animals do not, we stand on two legs while the majority of the animals are on four legs, and we are much more sensitive to our emotional reactions, making us complex animals. Now, where does all these differences come from? 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Plan of Digital Forensics investigation - Free Samples

Questions: 1. Justifying the plan for digital forensics?2. Describing the plan for forensic investigation?3. Outlining the research for the auditors? Answers: Introduction In any organization there has to be an effective means of carrying out the structure of work. In such case it would be important to understand the process of the work of the organization. In this regard it is also crucial that the company or the organization must have an effective centralized system to help in understanding the systems that are useful for the work (Akhgar et al. 2014). In any organization like One World Finance of OWF the system has become loosed and any system old be intrigued with the help of just few proceedings. The network is to be made effective so that information is restricted to particular systems. However, this study has tried to intervene into the methods by which the hacking or the process of dealing with the unethical intervention of office network is to be analyzed. The method that is carried in the present study is to understand the problem, the nature of the problem and the recommendations or the conclusion that can be drawn from the same. The present study includes the identifying of the issues and the proofs that can be found form the digital forensics. The complex process of digital forensics include the complete understanding of the fundamentals of computers, the aspects of criminal justice, and the general analysis of the entire process. The technology and the complex methods that are carried out to know about digital forensics in used in the current study. The plans those are followed by digital forensics include preservation, validation, collection, identification, interpretation, analysis, presentation and documentation of the facts. However, it might be said in the above case that the methodology could be framed from an abstract model. It includes an approach that may differ from one case to another. 1. Justifying the plan for digital forensics In case of the digital forensics investigation it is important to note the fact that the methods that are present are such that there is comprehensive method of approach that is applied. In such matters it is important to note that in any case of corporate investigation the method is useful. The techniques that are used these days have been to know about the status with the most modernized methods. Bednar et al. (2014) indicates the methods that are used in any corporate branch are to know about the criminal activity that is part of the offence carried out online. The basic methods that are used in the present cases include the fact of trying to make a planned development based on the incident that has happened. The next stage is to plan the evaluation process of the incident. The third stage is the assessment of the program and the next being the training of the staffs. The development of the team to carry out the work efficiently is the most important concern (Edwards, 2014). The a pproach that has been used in the present study to deal with the hacking and fraud issues may be the finding of the evidence after analyzing the problem. Then dealing with the acquisition effectively and then finally reporting. The plan that is entailed in digital forensics includes the following: Live forensics Computer forensics Database forensics Mobile forensics Network forensics The plans that may be followed by digital forensics include preservation, validation, collection, identification, interpretation, analysis, presentation and documentation of the facts. However, it might be said in the above case that the methodology could be framed from an abstract model. It includes an approach that may differ from one case to another. The prime motive of the methodology is that to collect information to the most that is possible. The impact and the problem that is to be faced by the victim are to be minimized. In the present case it may be said that the problem that marsh faced could be improved with the identification of the problem and to finally know whether the culprit was Gale. The preparation of the technique includes preparing tools, the method, search warrants and finally the surveillance. Figure 1: Network security approach for digital forensics analysis (Source: Gladyshev et al. 2011) The warranty that is received from the organization deals with the analysis of the cyber attacks and the threats that may be found even with the most effective and best methods of monitoring. The warranty is that in corporate companies there is an assurance that is to be guaranteed by the companies or the techniques that can monitor cyber crime effectively. Carayannis et al. (2009) refer this is to retain the reputation of the company or the organization efficiently. In order to know about the investigation process it is crucial to have a methodology. The methodology is to assess the situation and to analyzing the objectives that is inclusion of the investigation. The data that is collected is to secure the evidence and to process them to reach the ultimate means. The next step in the methodology entails the recovery of the data and then to perform the analysis (Holt, 2014). The identification of the attack and the importance of the timeline are to be achieved. Al the findings from the system and the analysis of the memory lead to the interaction of the management in finally making the decision process. Then there has to be a way that must be proficient in reducing future chances of the attacks. Gladyshev et al. (2011) the report that is finally found is used for different purpose like that of staff, management, litigation and law. In this regard it is important to know that there are processes that are effective in dealing with the complexity of the cyber crime. But there has to be prominent means that must be carried out so that there are certain methods that warranty the service to the corporate companies. The companies need to ensure that they have a system that is well channeled to know about the current situation (Kao and Wang, 2009). 2. Describing the plan for forensic investigation The resources that are required in case of dealing an effective forensic plan is to entail the fact, that there has to be effective monitoring through different tolls. They are effective in dealing with the system. In the ancient days there were means like that of live analysis that was used. This used to be the case in the 1980s. But with the advent of different other technologies there have been used in the computer forensics. The computer forensic tools include EnCase which is a toll that can be used or the multipurpose. Wireshark is the open source that is used to analyze the packet data. SANS investigative forensics is a system that is useful for a number of purpose. Internet evidence finder is the tool that is useful in dealing with communicative problem and in retrieving the data that are there in the hard drives (Jaswal and Thakur, 2014). Registry recon is the one that is useful in analyzing the hard drive with the registry. The information that is there in the system is used for rebuilding the case and then passing the information for analysis. EPRB is the password recovery tool that is useful in dealing with the encryption and decryption of data. Digital forensics framework is another important tools that can be used for the framework if the interfaces (Zuba, 2014). Most important tools are FTK, COFEE, MailXaminer, Categoriser 4 Pictures, Shell Control Box, X-Ways forensics. FTK is the one that that is necessary in dealing with the index that is related to the acquired data. This is a tool that can be used for a variety of purposes. COFEE is a tool that has been used to know about the Microsoft and the tools that are required in Windows. Similarly the other tools that have been mentioned above have been effective in dealing with the problems that are there in windows and the issues that may be there. The resources that are required in order to channel the monitoring and the methodology of analyzing and finding the crime include few grounds (Wykes, 2007). There has to be effective team that is well versed with the use of the techniques and to tailor the methodology efficiently. After this the team needs to know about the tolls and use them in finding the fault zone of the crime that has been committed in the present analysis. The skill is to be c hanneled and used in the most effective means. In such case it is important to note that there has to be the case like that of John Marsh where in order to understand the problem of Gale there may be use of the tools. This can make the case of Gale evident to other people that they have the problem of fraud. In case of software resources there are software that can understand the hacking and the fraud identification. In such case it is important to install the software in the system that can analyze the same. In case of the hardware there can be retrieval of information from the system. The history of the system can be accessed in dealing with the same. Resources for digital forensics (Hardware and software): In order to investigate the case of John, some effective tools as well as resources are required for the process of digital forensic investigation. However, the resources are as follows: Study tools of email: It can be utilized to access the different emails of the officers as well as employees of the company. Email study tool also can be utilized for accessing other mails those are related with server of One World Finance. File viewers: Information Manager uses this technique of file viewers in order to view different files of Johns computer. IT manager also uses this file viewer for accessing the files from the computer of Andrew. Study tool of file: It can be utilized to study some files those have become the proof of investigation. File study tools can be utilized to gather some of the hidden files of the computer. On the other hand, Edwards (2014) argued that, file study tools help to get an effective design of the mentality of the hacker. Forensic tools of server: The investigation officer to track the server of OWF uses these tools. Server forensic tools help to hide some information that can be helpful for increasing as well as decreasing the status of the company. This tool can also be helpful for catching the criminal of digital activities. Forensic investigation of database: This tool is very much helpful for accessing the database of company. However, the hacker in accordance with their intention or objective can also access the database. The hacker in the market can also sell the information of database. This can lead to the destruction of the company. Therefore, the company to see what types of information are stored there should always investigate the database. Is the information safe or unsafe? Windows tools: However, different types of tools of windows can be utilized for the process of digital forensics. Shell control box, Mail Xaminer, COFEE, X-Way forensics, FTX etc are used for the process of digital forensics. There are different tools those can be used for gathering information of Windows and the operating system of the company. Storage media: There are different types of storage media those can be utilized for storing the evidence of investigation. Different files of video, image, audio can be stored in the storage media. The software that may be used includes SANS SIFT, ProDiscover basic, voltality and so on. There are other software like that of the Sleuth kit, FTK imager, Linux dd, Caine, Oxygen Forensic suite and many more. This software could be installed to know about the intrusion and to know about the unauthorized server access. Memory forensic analysis could be made from the same with even forensic exploration of images. The tools that are available from the software is to be understood in order to access the system and the usability of the software. The hardware that could be used includes FREDC forensic network, forensic write blockers, forensic devices, signal and power cables and so on. The hardware could be effective with the integration of the processing along with the handling of the computer cases. 3. Outlining the research for the auditors In case of the auditors there has to be a comprehensive method that is to be taken by them in order to channel the same. However, it is crucial to note that there has to be certain measures that have to be used in order to have the necessary poof against the guilty. There has to be hardcore evidence that must act as a proof for the evidence that is required for identification (Panwar, 2009). The approach that is effective in dealing with the problem and then channeling the measure deals that the information that is obtained has to be authorized and must be liable for the use of investigation. Apart from this the locations that is important to know about the present case dominant to have the evidence regarding the location. There has to be a comprehensive and effective method that must be used for validating the methods and to know about the interpretation of the data that has been collected. Based on the data collected from the technique there has to be conclusions that may be drawn that is particularly at par with the data that has been collected. There could be use of certain phases by the auditors that may be effective like that of the IDIP that is Integrated Digital Investigation Process Summers et al. (2014). This method is the identification of the problem, preservation of the information that is important for the system, examining the data that has been collected and then analyzing the same. The presentation that is used in the conclusion is the fact that has been gathered from the information that has been collected. Olusi et al. (2009) points out the digital evidence in this regard can be done with the help of the detail information that is important. The tools that have which the mentioned above could be used so that there are different means by which the team that is efficient can be used. In such case it is dominant for the team to use the tools that the information that has been used unethically can be understood and retrieved. The team needs to ensure the fact that there has to be an effective structure that is to be tailored so that there may be other means. The fraud cases are to be understood in the present case and then there has to be analysis that may be done based on the cases (Nilssonand Larson, 2009). The auditors need to be aware of the allegation of the conclusion that they finally draw. This is to note the fact that there may be different forms of fraud cases but the proof that is to be delivered against the guilty needs to be appropriate and as per the ethical means. In the case of john marsh it has been found that Andrew Gal has been made responsible for the case of fraud. In this particular regard it is the duty of the IT manager to look in o the method and then to analyze the system. The proof that is to be presented against Gale has to be true and effective only to make the parson actually guilty for the work that he has done. This comes under the legal issue and so there has to be actions taken only with the necessary proof. The policies that have been used deals with the fact that there cannot be any unethical or baseless claims that can be brought about against anyone (McIntyre, 2014). The policy that is used in US is that there is Foreign policy that deals with the fact that anyone found guilty with the information and the use of the cyber crime in punishable under law. However, it also states the fact that there has to be an effective means by which there can be fake information that may be brought against someone in such case it is puni shable offence for the person who brought the unethical claim (Mansfield, 2009). Steps of Microsoft Windows-based computer: Final implementation is very much essential for suspecting the guilty. The final steps are very important for this particular scenario of the present case. The detail information is required in order to get detail information about the crime. It also helps in finding the suspected person. It can be found that centralized server can be utilized for spreading the information from Johns system to another system or emails and network of other persons. In this case, the java script can be utilized to validate the data in the operating system of the windows. In this purpose, Z-test, regression T-test can be done. On the other hand, SPSS software can be utilized to complete the purpose. Recommendations The following may be recommended for OWF can be as follows: The company needs to install few of the software that is effective in dealing with the system and there cannot be any intrusion in the information. A centralized system is t be made with the software to deal with the fact that there are no unethical means that is used to carry out the work. Every employee is to be assigned a system which must have a password that may be the fingerprint of the employee. This can ensure that there is no intrusion that is there in any other system. In case of the fingerprint password it may be said that there has to be no means by which one can enter into any others system. There may be the process of e-discovery that could be used so that any time any person tries to interfere in the system from outside or not from the assigned one there is an automatic system stoppage. This will also help in the litigation support. The support can even act as a proof so that there are means like that of the problem that is related to the one or the group who tried to intervene in the most unethical means. The recommendation that has been given can be effective to know about the basic problem and to tailor the means so that the negative and the unethical means are not used by the company or the employees in any way. Conclusion It may be concluded in this respect that there has to be a effective channeling and monitoring process that can be done in order to know about the present cyber crime problems. Forensic digital may have a number of issues that is relating to the problem that is faced by the people or organization in these days. It may be said in this regard that there may be a number of means that could be used so that there is the proper analysis of the problem. The problem needs to be understood from the grass root level and then there has to be efficient means by which there may be use of the tools. The tools need to be used as per the specific issue that has been faced. The present study has helped in understanding the policies and the methodology that can be used before using the tools finally. References Akhgar, B., Staniforth, A. and Bosco, F. (2014). Cyber crime and cyber terrorism investigator's handbook. Waltham, MA: Syngress. Bednar, P., Katos, V. and Hennell, C. (2014). 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